Browsing by Author "Arellano, Eduardo C."

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Climate and species stress resistance modulate the higher survival of large seedlings in forest restorations worldwide
    (WILEY, 2021) Andivia, Enrique; Villar Salvador, Pedro; Oliet, Juan A.; Puertolas, Jaime; Dumroese, R. Kasten; Molina Venegas, Rafael; Arellano, Eduardo C.; Li, Guolei; Ovalle, Juan F.; Ivetic, Vladan
    Seedling planting plays a key role in active forest restoration and regeneration of managed stands. Plant attributes at outplanting can determine tree seedling survival and consequently early success of forest plantations. Although many studies show that large seedlings of the same age within a species have higher survival than small ones, others report the opposite. This may be due to differences in environmental conditions at the planting site and in the inherent functional characteristics of species. Here, we conducted a global-scale meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of seedling size on early outplanting survival. Our meta-analysis covered 86 tree species and 142 planting locations distributed worldwide. We also assessed whether planting site aridity and key plant functional traits related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance and growth capacity, namely specific leaf area and wood density, modulate this effect. Planting large seedlings within a species consistently increases survival in forest plantations worldwide. Species' functional traits modulate the magnitude of the positive seedling size-outplanting survival relationship, showing contrasting effects due to aridity and between angiosperms and gymnosperms. For angiosperms planted in arid/semiarid sites and gymnosperms in subhumid/humid sites the magnitude of the positive effect of seedling size on survival was maximized in species with low specific leaf area and high wood density, characteristics linked to high stress resistance and slow growth. By contrast, high specific leaf area and low wood density maximized the positive effect of seedling size on survival for angiosperms planted in subhumid/humid sites. Results have key implications for implementing forest plantations globally, especially for adjusting nursery cultivation to species' functional characteristics and planting site aridity. Nursery cultivation should promote large seedlings, especially for stress sensitive angiosperms planted in humid sites and for stress-resistant species planted in dry sites.
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    Effects of sustainable agricultural practices on soil microbial diversity, composition, and functions
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Mondaca Rivas, Pedro Santiago; Celis-Diez J.L.; Diaz-Siefer P.; Olmos-Moya N.; Montero-Silva F.; Bustos Molina, Sofia Shantal; Fonturbel F.E.; Aponte H.; Mandakovic D.; Bastidas Mendez, Brynelly Mercedes; Arellano, Eduardo C.; Lavandero B.; Carvajal M.; Gaxiola Alcantar Aurora
    Soil microorganisms can provide multiple benefits to agroecosystems, which are assumed to be promoted by sustainable agricultural practices. However, the mechanisms that explain this relationship have not been clearly elucidated. Although studies have reported that sustainable agricultural practices promote microbial biomass, the broader implications for soil microbial composition and functions remain uncertain. Accordingly, we searched field experiments worldwide contrasting soil microbial communities under conventional and sustainable agricultural practices. We analysed 924 results of relative abundance of bacteria or fungi (using 16 S and ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively) at the Family taxonomic level obtained from 46 articles. We found higher soil bacterial richness and higher abundance of copiotrophic bacteria under sustainable agricultural practices. Organic fertilisation promoted the abundance of bacteria involved in C and N cycling, while conservation tillage decreased those involved in the decomposition of plant residue. While sustainable agricultural practices had a minor effect on the overall fungal structure, they led to increases in symbiotic fungi abundance (e.g., Geoglossaceae). Additionally, we observed a slight increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a slight reduction in pathogenic fungi associated with plant disease (e.g., Botryosphaeriaceae). Higher soil microbial taxonomic diversity did not lead to increased soil multifunctionality; however, it could safeguard resilience for soil functions via the diversity insurance effect. This study establishes that sustainable agricultural practices can significantly influence microbial communities, leading to compositional and structural changes, as well as promoting relevant functions for agroecosystems. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of integrating concepts of community ecology into agricultural management practices for reaching sustainable agricultural systems.
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    Trade-Offs between Drought Survival and Rooting Strategy of Two South American Mediterranean Tree Species: Implications for Dryland Forests Restoration
    (MDPI, 2015) Ovalle, Juan F.; Arellano, Eduardo C.; Ginocchio, Rosanna
    Differences in water-acquisition strategies of tree root systems can determine the capacity to survive under severe drought. We evaluate the effects of field water shortage on early survival, growth and root morphological variables of two South American Mediterranean tree species with different rooting strategies during two growing seasons. One year-old Quillaja saponaria ( deep- rooted) and Cryptocarya alba ( shallow- rooted) seedlings were established under two watering treatments ( 2 L . week- 1 . plant- 1 and no water) in a complete randomized design. Watering improved the final survival of both species, but the increase was only significantly higher for the shallow- rooted species. The survival rates of deep- and shallow- rooted species was 100% and 71% with watering treatment, and 96% and 10% for the unwatered treatment, respectively. Root morphological variables of deep- rooted species such as surface area, volume, and diameter were higher under unwatered treatment. On the other hand, shallow- rooted species had a higher total root dry mass, length, surface area with watering treatments. Our findings suggest that deep- rooted species are highly recommended for reforestation in dry conditions, even under low soil water availability. Water supplements during the summer season can attenuate the differences between deep- and shallow- rooted species in their ability to survive drought during the early stage.
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    Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management
    (WILEY, 2021) Downey, Harriet; Amano, Tatsuya; Cadotte, Marc; Cook, Carly N.; Cooke, Steven J.; Haddaway, Neal R.; Jones, Julia P. G.; Littlewood, Nick; Walsh, Jessica C.; Abrahams, Mark, I; Adum, Gilbert; Akasaka, Munemitsu; Alves, Jose A.; Antwis, Rachael E.; Arellano, Eduardo C.; Axmacher, Jan; Barclay, Holly; Batty, Lesley; Benitez-Lopez, Ana; Bennett, Joseph R.; Berg, Maureen J.; Bertolino, Sandro; Biggs, Duan; Bolam, Friederike C.; Bray, Tim; Brook, Barry W.; Bull, Joseph W.; Burivalova, Zuzana; Cabeza, Mar; Chauvenet, Alienor L. M.; Christie, Alec P.; Cole, Lorna; Cotton, Alison J.; Cotton, Sam; Cousins, Sara A. O.; Craven, Dylan; Cresswell, Will; Cusack, Jeremy J.; Dalrymple, Sarah E.; Davies, Zoe G.; Diaz, Anita; Dodd, Jennifer A.; Felton, Adam; Fleishman, Erica; Gardner, Charlie J.; Garside, Ruth; Ghoddousi, Arash; Gilroy, James J.; Gill, David A.; Gill, Jennifer A.; Glew, Louise; Grainger, Matthew J.; Grass, Amelia A.; Greshon, Stephanie; Gundry, Jamie; Hart, Tom; Hopkins, Charlotte R.; Howe, Caroline; Johnson, Arlyne; Jones, Kelly W.; Jordan, Neil R.; Kadoya, Taku; Kerhoas, Daphne; Koricheva, Julia; Lee, Tien Ming; Lengyel, Szabolcs; Livingstone, Stuart W.; Lyons, Ashley; McCabe, Grainne; Millett, Jonathan; Strevens, Chloe Montes; Moolna, Adam; Mossman, Hannah L.; Mukherjee, Nibedita; Munoz-Saez, Andres; Negroes, Nuno; Norfolk, Olivia; Osawa, Takeshi; Papworth, Sarah; Park, Kirsty J.; Pellet, Jerome; Phillott, Andrea D.; Plotnik, Joshua M.; Priatna, Dolly; Ramos, Alejandra G.; Randall, Nicola; Richards, Rob M.; Ritchie, Euan G.; Roberts, David L.; Rocha, Ricardo; Rodriguez, Jon Paul; Sanderson, Roy; Sasaki, Takehiro; Savilaakso, Sini; Sayer, Carl; Sekercioglu, Cagan; Senzaki, Masayuki; Smith, Grania; Smith, Robert J.; Soga, Masashi; Soulsbury, Carl D.; Steer, Mark D.; Stewart, Gavin; Strange, E. F.; Suggitt, Andrew J.; Thompson, Ralph R. J.; Thompson, Stewart; Thornhill, Ian; Trevelyan, R. J.; Usieta, Hope O.; Venter, Oscar; Webber, Amanda D.; White, Rachel L.; Whittingham, Mark J.; Wilby, Andrew; Yarnell, Richard W.; Zamora, Veronica; Sutherland, William J.
    1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis. 2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice. 3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses. 4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.