Browsing by Author "Billeke, Pablo"

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    A Role for the Insular Cortex in Long-Term Memory for Context-Evoked Drug Craving in Rats
    (2012) Contreras, Marco; Billeke, Pablo; Vicencio, Sergio; Madrid, Carlos; Perdomo, Gueton; Gonzalez, Marcela; Torrealba, Fernando
    Drug craving critically depends on the function of the interoceptive insular cortex, and may be triggered by contextual cues. However, the role of the insula in the long-term memory linking context with drug craving remains unknown. Such a memory trace probably resides in some neocortical region, much like other declarative memories. Studies in humans and rats suggest that the insula may include such a region. Rats chronically implanted with bilateral injection cannulae into the high-order rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) or the primary interoceptive posterior insula (pIC) were conditioned to prefer the initially aversive compartment of a 2-compartment place preference apparatus by repeatedly pairing it to amphetamine. We found a reversible but long-lasting loss (ca. 24 days) of amphetamine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and a decreased expression in the insula of zif268, a crucial protein in memory reconsolidation, when anisomycin (ANI) was microinjected into the RAIC immediately after the reactivation of the conditioned amphetamine/context memory. ANI infusion into the RAIC without reactivation did not change CPP, whereas ANI infusion into pIC plus caused a 15 days loss of CPP. We also found a 24 days loss of CPP when we reversibly inactivated pIC during extinction trials. We interpret these findings as evidence that the insular cortex, including the RAIC, is involved in a context/drug effect association. These results add a drug-related memory function to the insular cortex to the previously found role of the pIC in the perception of craving or malaise. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 2101-2108; doi:10.1038/npp.2012.59; published online 25 April 2012
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    Another in need enhances prosociality and modulates frontal theta oscillations in young adults
    (2023) Lavin, Claudio; Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Lopez, Vladimir; Billeke, Pablo
    IntroductionDecision-making is a process that can be strongly affected by social factors. Evidence has shown how people deviate from traditional rational-choice predictions under different levels of social interactions. The emergence of prosocial decision-making, defined as any action that is addressed to benefit another individual even at the expense of personal benefits, has been reported as an example of such social influence. Furthermore, brain evidence has shown the involvement of structures such as the prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and midcingulate cortex during decision settings in which a decision maker interacts with others under physical pain or distress or while being observed by others. MethodsUsing a slightly modified version of the dictator game and EEG recordings, we tested the hypothesis that the inclusion of another person into the decision setting increases prosocial decisions in young adults and that this increase is higher when the other person is associated with others in need. At the brain level, we hypothesized that the increase in prosocial decisions correlates with frontal theta activity. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that including another person in the decision, setting increased prosocial behavior only when this presence was associated with someone in need. This effect was associated with an increase in frontocentral theta-oscillatory activity. These results suggest that the presence of someone in need enhances empathy concerns and norm compliance, raising the participants' prosocial decision-making.
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    Attending to the heart is associated with posterior alpha band increase and a reduction in sensitivity to concurrent visual stimuli
    (Society for Psychophysiological Research, 2017) Villena González, Mario; Moenne Vargas, Cristóbal Matías; Lagos, Rodrigo A.; Alliende Correa, Luz María; Billeke, Pablo; Aboitiz, Francisco; López Hernández, Vladimir; Cosmelli, Diego
    Attentional mechanisms have been studied mostly in specific sensory domains, such as auditory, visuospatial, or tactile modalities. In contrast, attention to internal interoceptive visceral targets has only recently begun to be studied, despite its potential importance in emotion, empathy, and self-awareness. Here, we studied the effects of shifting attention to the heart using a cue-target detection paradigm during continuous EEG recordings. Subjects were instructed to count either a series of visual stimuli (visual condition) or their own heartbeats (heart condition). Visual checkerboard stimuli were used as attentional probes throughout the task. Consistent with previous findings, attention modulated the amplitude of the heartbeat-evoked potentials. Directing attention to the heart significantly reduced the visual P1/N1 amplitude evoked by the attentional probe. ERPs locked to the attention-directing cue revealed a novel frontal positivity around 300 ms postcue. Finally, spectral power in the alpha band over parieto-occipital regions was higher while attending to the heart-when compared to the visual task-and correlated with subject's performance in the interoceptive task. These results are consistent with a shared, resource-based attentional mechanism whereby allocating attention to bodily signals can affect early responses to visual stimuli.
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    Beta oscillations precede joint attention and correlate with mentalization in typical development and autism
    (2019) Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Vargas, Lorena; Aboitiz, Francisco; Billeke, Pablo
    A precursor of adult social functioning is joint attention (JA), which is the capacity to share attention on an object with another person. JA precedes the development of the capacity to attribute mental states to others (i.e., mentalization or theory of mind). The neural mechanisms involved in the development of mentalization are not fully understood. Electroencephalographic recordings were made of children while they watched stimuli on a screen and their interaction with the experimenter was assessed. We tested whether neuronal activity preceding JA correlates with mentalization in typically developing (TD) children and whether this activity is impaired in children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) who evidence deficits in JA and mentalization skills. Both groups exhibited JA behavior with comparable frequency. TD children displayed a higher amplitude of negative central (Nc) event-related potential preceding JA behavior (similar to 500 msec after stimuli presentation), than did the ASD group. Previous to JA behavior, TD children demonstrated beta oscillatory activity in the temporoparietal region, while ASD children did not show an increase in beta activity. In both groups, the beta power correlated with mentalization, suggesting that this specific neuronal mechanism is involved in mentalization, which used during social interaction. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Brain state-dependent recruitment of high-frequency oscillations in the human hippocampus
    (2017) Billeke, Pablo; Ossandón, Tomás; Stockle, Marcelo; Perrone-Bertolotti, Marcela; Kahane, Philippe; Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Fuentealba, Pablo
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    Cortical dynamics underlying social behavior in dominance hierarchy and spatial navigation
    (2020) Lara Vásquez, Ariel Fernando; Espinosa, Nelson; Morales, Cristian; Moran, Constanza; Billeke, Pablo; Gallagher, Joseph; Strohl, Joshua J.; Huerta, Patricio T.; Fuentealba, Pablo
    Rodents establish dominance hierarchy as a social ranking system in which one subject acts as dominant over all the other subordinate individuals. Dominance hierarchy regulates food access and mating opportunities, but little is known of its significance in collective behavior, for instance during navigation for foraging or migration. Here, we implemented a simplified goal-directed spatial navigation task in mice and found that the social context exerts significant influence on individual decision-making, even when efficient navigation rules leading to reward had been previously learned. Thus, decision-making and consequent task performance were strongly dependent on contingent social interactions arising during collective navigation, yet their influence on individual behavior was outlined by dominance hierarchy. Dominant animals did not behave as leaders during navigation; conversely, they were most sensitive to social context. Social ranking in turn was reflected in the neural activity and connectivity patterns of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, both in anesthetized and behaving mice. These results suggest that the interplay between contingent social interactions and dominance hierarchy can regulate behavioral performance, supported by the intrinsic matrix of coordinated activity in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.
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    Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men
    (National Academy of Sciences, 2023) Zugman, Andrés; Alliende, Luz María; Medel Sierralta, Vicente Nicolás; Bethlehem, Richard A. I.; Seidlitz, Jakob; Ringlein, Grace; Arango, Celso; Arnatkeviciutė, Aurina; Asmal, Laila; Bellgrove, Mark; Benegal, Vivek; Bernardo, Miquel; Billeke, Pablo; Bosch-Bayard, Jorge; Bressan, Rodrigo; Busatto, Geraldo F.; Castro, Mariana N.; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany; Compte, Albert; Costanzi, Monise; Czepielewski, Leticia; Dazzan, Paola; Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo de la; Forti, Marta di; Díaz-Caneja, Covadonga M.; Díaz-Zuluaga, Ana María; Plessis, Stefan du; Duran, Fabio L. S.; Fittipaldi, Sol; Fornito, Alex; Freimer, Nelson B.; Gadelha, Ary; Gama, Clarissa S.; Garani, Ranjini; García-Rizo, Clemente; González Campo, Cecilia; González-Valderrama, Alfonso; Guinjoan, Salvador; Holla, Bharath; Ibáñez, Agustín; Jackowski, Andrea; Ivanovic, Daniza; León-Ortiz, Pablo; Lochner, Christine; López Jaramillo, Carlos; Luckhoff, Hilmar; Massuda, Raffael; McGuire, Philip; Miyata, Jun; Mizrahi, Romina; Murray, Robin; Ozerdem, Aysegul; Pan, Pedro M.; Parellada, Mara; Phahladira, Lebogan; Ramírez Mahaluf, Juan P.; Reckziegel, Ramiro; Marques Tiago Reis; Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco; Roos, Annerine; Rosa, Pedro; Salum, Giovanni; Scheffler, Freda; Schumann, Gunter; Serpa, Mauricio; Stein, Dan J.; Tepper, Angeles; Tiego, Jeggan; Ueno, Tsukasa; Undurraga, Juan; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Valdés-Sosa, Pedro; Valli, Isabel; Villarreal, Mirta; Winton-Brown, Toby T.; Yalin, Nefize; Zamorano, Francisco; Zanetti, Marcus V.; Veda, C.; Winkler, Anderson M.; Pine, Daniel S.; Evans-Lacko, Sara; Crossley Karmelic, Nicolas Andrés
    Gender inequality across the world has been associated with a higher risk to mental health problems and lower academic achievement in women compared to men. We also know that the brain is shaped by nurturing and adverse socio-environmental experiences. Therefore, unequal exposure to harsher conditions for women compared to men in gender-unequal countries might be reflected in differences in their brain structure, and this could be the neural mechanism partly explaining women’s worse outcomes in gender-unequal countries. We examined this through a random-effects meta-analysis on cortical thickness and surface area differences between adult healthy men and women, including a meta-regression in which country-level gender inequality acted as an explanatory variable for the observed differences. A total of 139 samples from 29 different countries, totaling 7,876 MRI scans, were included. Thickness of the right hemisphere, and particularly the right caudal anterior cingulate, right medial orbitofrontal, and left lateral occipital cortex, presented no differences or even thicker regional cortices in women compared to men in gender-equal countries, reversing to thinner cortices in countries with greater gender inequality. These results point to the potentially hazardous effect of gender inequality on women’s brains and provide initial evidence for neuroscience-informed policies for gender equality.
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    Differences in cortical processing of facial emotions in broader autism phenotype
    (2022) Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Beffara-Bret, Brice; Vargas, Lorena; Aboitiz, Francisco; Billeke, Pablo
    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition that affects face perception. Evidence shows that there are differences in face perception associated with the processing of low spatial frequency (LSF) and high spatial frequency (HSF) of visual stimuli between non-symptomatic relatives of individuals with autism (broader autism phenotype, BAP) and typically developing individuals. However, the neural mechanisms involved in these differences are not fully understood. Here we tested whether face-sensitive event related potentials could serve as neuronal markers of differential spatial frequency processing, and whether these potentials could differentiate non-symptomatic parents of children with autism (pASD) from parents of typically developing children (pTD). To this end, we performed electroencephalographic recordings of both groups of parents while they had to recognize emotions of face pictures composed of the same or different emotions (happiness or anger) presented in different spatial frequencies. We found no significant differences in the accuracy between groups but lower amplitude modulation in the Late Positive Potential activity in pASD. Source analysis showed a difference in the right posterior part of the superior temporal region that correlated with ASD symptomatology of the child. These results reveal differences in brain processing of recognition of facial emotion in BAP that could be a precursor of ASD.
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    Dominance hierarchy regulates social behavior during spatial movement
    (2024) Lara-Vasquez, Ariel; Espinosa, Nelson; Morales, Cristian; Moran, Constanza; Billeke, Pablo; Gallagher, Joseph; Strohl, Joshua J.; Huerta, Patricio T.; Fuentealba, Pablo
    Copyright © 2024 Lara-Vasquez, Espinosa, Morales, Moran, Billeke, Gallagher, Strohl, Huerta and Fuentealba.Rodents establish dominance hierarchy as a social ranking system in which one subject acts as dominant over all the other subordinate individuals. Dominance hierarchy regulates food access and mating opportunities, but little is known about its significance in other social behaviors, for instance during collective navigation for foraging or migration. Here, we implemented a simplified goal-directed spatial task in mice, in which animals navigated individually or collectively with their littermates foraging for food. We compared between conditions and found that the social condition exerts significant influence on individual displacement patterns, even when efficient navigation rules leading to reward had been previously learned. Thus, movement patterns and consequent task performance were strongly dependent on contingent social interactions arising during collective displacement, yet their influence on individual behavior was determined by dominance hierarchy. Dominant animals did not behave as leaders during collective displacement; conversely, they were most sensitive to the social environment adjusting their performance accordingly. Social ranking in turn was associated with specific spontaneous neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, with dominant mice showing higher firing rates, larger ripple oscillations, and stronger neuronal entrainment by ripples than subordinate animals. Moreover, dominant animals selectively increased their cortical spiking activity during collective movement, while subordinate mice did not modify their firing rates, consistent with dominant animals being more sensitive to the social context. These results suggest that dominance hierarchy influences behavioral performance during contingent social interactions, likely supported by the coordinated activity in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.
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    Effects of acute stress on behavioral adaptation and oscillatory brain activity associated to social bargaining
    (2023) Fabar Chagay, Catalina; Ossandón, Tomás; Billeke, Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Medicina
    El estrés agudo es una respuesta transitoria a factores estresantes físicos o fisiológicos que provoca cambios neuroendocrinos, los cuales pueden alterar el funcionamiento de diferentes áreas cerebrales, incluido el córtex prefrontal (CPF). Las funciones ejecutivas, como la toma de decisiones, la flexibilidad cognitiva, la cognición social y la monitorización de la retroalimentación, dependen de forma crucial de las redes frontales. Estas funciones cognitivas están estrechamente relacionadas con la línea media frontal theta, una banda neuronal de 4-8 Hz que se registra en las regiones frontales y aumenta tras las retroalimentaciones negativas. Se ha informado de que el estrés disminuye esta actividad. Actualmente, se debate si el estrés afecta a la compensación entre prosocialidad e interés propio, un elemento clave en situaciones de toma de decisiones sociales como el regateo. También se ha descrito ampliamente que el estrés elevado altera la flexibilidad al tiempo que disminuye la potencia theta, lo que podría repercutir en la forma en que nos adaptamos y actuamos en situaciones sociales. Sin embargo, aún no está claro cómo afecta el estrés a nuestra adaptabilidad estratégica durante contextos de creación social y cómo esto se asocia a theta como posible mecanismo neural. En este proyecto de tesis, recogimos datos neuroendocrinos, conductuales y electrofisiológicos para contribuir a este vacío de conocimiento con un enfoque integral. Utilizamos el Juego del Ultimátum (UG), un paradigma utilizado predominantemente en el campo de la teoría de juegos y la cognición social. Al utilizar una versión repetida de esta tarea en un contexto social y no social, esperábamos poder observar los cambios relacionados con la manipulación del estrés y aislar el componente social. En el primer estudio, examinamos cómo el estrés agudo afecta a las decisiones en términos de prosocialidad y flexibilidad conductual durante el regateo social. Nuestros resultados muestran que el estrés sólo tuvo efectos perjudiciales sobre el rendimiento en el contexto no social de la tarea, mientras que en el contexto social no hubo diferencias entre los participantes estresados y los no estresados. Esto sugiere que el contexto social puede actuar como un amortiguador que permite preservar la respuesta conductual y el rendimiento. En el segundo estudio, investigamos cómo afecta el estrés agudo a las decisiones en términos de flexibilidad cognitiva y conductual y la actividad de theta frontal de la línea media como posible mecanismo neural implicado en este proceso. Nuestros resultados mostraron que los participantes estresados presentaban una menor adaptación en el contexto no social, mientras que no se observaron diferencias en el contexto social. Aunque observamos una tendencia a un menor aumento de la potencia theta en el grupo de estrés tras la retroalimentación negativa, no alcanzó significación. La mayor adaptabilidad en el contexto no social entre los participantes no estresados no estuvo acompañada de un mayor aumento de la potencia theta tras los errores, que se esperaría que estuviera presente como marcador neural de la flexibilidad cognitiva. Sin embargo, observamos una mayor actividad alfa y beta en el contexto social que en el no social, lo que sugiere una mayor inhibición y reevaluación cognitiva de las emociones en los participantes no estresados.
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    Frontoparietal connectivity correlates with working memory performance in multiple sclerosis
    (2020) Figueroa Vargas, Alejandra; Carcamo, Claudia; Henriquez Ch, Rodrigo; Zamorano, Francisco; Ciampi Diaz, Ethel Leslie; Uribe San Martín, Reinaldo; Vásquez, Macarena; Aboitiz, Francisco; Billeke, Pablo
    Working Memory (WM) impairment is the most common cognitive deficit of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, evidence of its neurobiological mechanisms is scarce. Here we recorded electroencephalographic activity of twenty patients with relapsing-remitting MS and minimal cognitive deficit, and 20 healthy control (HC) subjects while they solved a WM task. In spite of similar performance, the HC group demonstrated both a correlation between temporoparietal theta activity and memory load, and a correlation between medial frontal theta activity and successful memory performances. MS patients did not show theses correlations leading significant differences between groups. Moreover, cortical connectivity analyses using granger causality and phase-amplitude coupling between theta and gamma revealed that HC group, but not MS group, presented a load-modulated progression of the frontal-to-parietal connectivity. This connectivity correlated with working memory capacity in MS groups. This early alterations in the oscillatory dynamics underlaying working memory could be useful for plan therapeutic interventions.
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    Human Anterior Insula Encodes Performance Feedback and Relays Prediction Error to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
    (2020) Billeke, Pablo; Ossandon, Tomas; Perrone-Bertolotti, Marcela; Kahane, Philippe; Bastin, Julien; Jerbi, Karim; Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Fuentealba, Pablo
    Adaptive behavior requires the comparison of outcome predictions with actual outcomes (e.g., performance feedback). This process of performance monitoring is computed by a distributed brain network comprising the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the anterior insular cortex (AIC). Despite being consistently co-activated during different tasks, the precise neuronal computations of each region and their interactions remain elusive. In order to assess the neural mechanism by which the AIC processes performance feedback, we recorded AIC electrophysiological activity in humans. We found that the AIC beta oscillations amplitude is modulated by the probability of performance feedback valence (positive or negative) given the context (task and condition difficulty). Furthermore, the valence of feedback was encoded by delta waves phase-modulating the power of beta oscillations. Finally, connectivity and causal analysis showed that beta oscillations relay feedback information signals to the mPFC. These results reveal that structured oscillatory activity in the anterior insula encodes performance feedback information, thus coordinating brain circuits related to reward-based learning.
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    Oscillatory activity underlying cognitive performance in children and adolescents with autism: a systematic review
    (2024) Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Soto-Fernandez, Patricio; Kausel, Leonie; Marquez-Rodriguez, Victor; Carvajal-Paredes, Patricio; Martinez-Molina, Maria Paz; Figueroa-Vargas, Alejandra; Billeke, Pablo
    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that exhibits a widely heterogeneous range of social and cognitive symptoms. This feature has challenged a broad comprehension of this neurodevelopmental disorder and therapeutic efforts to address its difficulties. Current therapeutic strategies have focused primarily on treating behavioral symptoms rather than on brain psychophysiology. During the past years, the emergence of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) has opened alternatives to the design of potential combined treatments focused on the neurophysiopathology of neuropsychiatric disorders like ASD. Such interventions require identifying the key brain mechanisms underlying the symptomatology and cognitive features. Evidence has shown alterations in oscillatory features of the neural ensembles associated with cognitive functions in ASD. In this line, we elaborated a systematic revision of the evidence of alterations in brain oscillations that underlie key cognitive processes that have been shown to be affected in ASD during childhood and adolescence, namely, social cognition, attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. This knowledge could contribute to developing therapies based on NIBS to improve these processes in populations with ASD.
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    Paradoxical Expectation : Oscillatory Brain Activity Reveals Social Interaction Impairment in Schizophrenia
    (2015) Billeke, Pablo; Armijo, Aalejandra; Castillo, Daniel; López, Tamara; Zamorano, Francisco; Cosmelli, Diego; Aboitiz, Francisco
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    Patients recovering from COVID-19 who presented with anosmia during their acute episode have behavioral, functional, and structural brain alterations
    (2024) Kausel, Leonie; Figueroa-Vargas, Alejandra; Zamorano, Francisco; Stecher, Ximena; Aspe-Sanchez, Mauricio; Carvajal-Paredes, Patricio; Marquez-Rodriguez, Victor; Martinez-Molina, Maria Paz; Roman, Claudio; Soto-Fernandez, Patricio; Valdebenito-Oyarzo, Gabriela; Manterola, Carla; Uribe-San-Martin, Reinaldo; Silva, Claudio; Henriquez-Ch, Rodrigo; Aboitiz, Francisco; Polania, Rafael; Guevara, Pamela; Munoz-Venturelli, Paula; Soto-Icaza, Patricia; Billeke, Pablo
    Patients recovering from COVID-19 commonly exhibit cognitive and brain alterations, yet the specific neuropathological mechanisms and risk factors underlying these alterations remain elusive. Given the significant global incidence of COVID-19, identifying factors that can distinguish individuals at risk of developing brain alterations is crucial for prioritizing follow-up care. Here, we report findings from a sample of patients consisting of 73 adults with a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection without signs of respiratory failure and 27 with infections attributed to other agents and no history of COVID-19. The participants underwent cognitive screening, a decision-making task, and MRI evaluations. We assessed for the presence of anosmia and the requirement for hospitalization. Groups did not differ in age or cognitive performance. Patients who presented with anosmia exhibited more impulsive alternative changes after a shift in probabilities (r = - 0.26, p = 0.001), while patients who required hospitalization showed more perseverative choices (r = 0.25, p = 0.003). Anosmia correlated with brain measures, including decreased functional activity during the decision-making task, thinning of cortical thickness in parietal regions, and loss of white matter integrity. Hence, anosmia could be a factor to be considered when identifying at-risk populations for follow-up.
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    Someone has to give in: theta oscillations correlate with adaptive behavior in social bargaining
    (2014) Billeke, Pablo; Zamorano, Francisco; Lopez, Tamara; Rodriguez, Carlos; Cosmelli, Diego; Aboitiz, Francisco
    During social bargain, one has to both figure out the others' intentions and behave strategically in such a way that the others' behaviors will be consistent with one's expectations. To understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors, we used electroencephalography while subjects played as proposers in a repeated ultimatum game. We found that subjects adapted their offers to obtain more acceptances in the last round and that this adaptation correlated negatively with prefrontal theta oscillations. People with higher prefrontal theta activity related to a rejection did not adapt their offers along the game to maximize their earning. Moreover, between-subject variation in posterior theta oscillations correlated positively with how individual theta activity influenced the change of offer after a rejection, reflecting a process of behavioral adaptation to the others' demands. Interestingly, people adapted better their offers when they knew that they where playing against a computer, although the behavioral adaptation did not correlate with prefrontal theta oscillation. Behavioral changes between human and computer games correlated with prefrontal theta activity, suggesting that low adaptation in human games could be a strategy. Taken together, these results provide evidence for specific roles of prefrontal and posterior theta oscillations in social bargaining.
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    Sub-visemic discrimination and the effect of visual resemblance on silent lip-reading
    (2024) Michon, Maeva; Billeke, Pablo; Galgani, Gabriela; Aboitiz, Francisco
    Relevant visual information is available in speakers' faces during face-to-face interactions that improve speech perception. There is an ongoing debate, however, about how phonemes and their visual counterparts, visemes are mapped. An influential hypothesis claims that several phonemes can be mapped into a single visemic category (many-to-one phoneme-viseme mapping). In contrast, recent findings have challenged this view, reporting evidence for sub-visemic syllable discrimination. We aim to investigate whether Spanish words from the same visemic category can be identified or not. We designed a lip-reading task in which participants had to identify target words presented in silent video clips among 3 distractors differing in their visual resemblance from the target. Target words were identified above chance and significantly more than distractors from the same visemic category. Moreover, the error rate for distractors significantly decreased with decreasing visemic resemblance to the target. These results challenge the many-to-one phoneme-viseme mapping hypothesis.
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    The effect of a cognitive training therapy based on stimulation of brain oscillations in patients with mild cognitive impairment in a Chilean sample: study protocol for a phase IIb, 2 × 3 mixed factorial, double-blind randomised controlled trial
    (2024) Figueroa Vargas, Alejandra; Góngora, Begoña; Alonso, María F.; Ortega, Alonso; Soto Fernández, Patricio; Z-Rivera, Lucía; Ramírez, Sebastián; González, Francisca; Muñoz Venturelli, Paula; Billeke, Pablo
    Background: The ageing population has increased the prevalence of disabling and high-cost diseases, such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The latter can be considered a prodromal phase of some dementias and a critical stage for interventions to postpone the impairment of functionality. Working memory (WM) is a pivotal cognitive function, representing the fundamental element of executive functions. This project proposes an intervention protocol to enhance WM in these users, combining cognitive training with transcranial electrical stimulation of alternating current (tACS). This technique has been suggested to enhance the neuronal plasticity needed for cognitive processes involving oscillatory patterns. WM stands to beneft signifcantly from this approach, given its welldefined electrophysiological oscillations. Therefore, tACS could potentially boost WM in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: This study is a phase IIb randomised, double-blind clinical trial with a 3-month follow-up period. The study participants will be 62 participants diagnosed with MCI, aged over 60, from Valparaíso, Chile. Participants will receive an intervention combining twelve cognitive training sessions with tACS. Participants will receive either tACS or placebo stimulation in eight out of twelve training sessions. Sessions will occur twice weekly over 6 weeks. The primary outcomes will be electroencephalographic measurements through the prefrontal theta oscillatory activity, while the secondary efects will be cognitive assessments of WM. The participants will be evaluated before, immediately after, and 3 months after the end of the intervention. Discussion: The outcomes of this trial will add empirical evidence about the benefts and feasibility of an intervention that combines cognitive training with non-invasive brain stimulation. The objective is to contribute tools for optimal cognitive treatment in patients with MCI. To enhance WM capacity, postpone the impairment of functionality, and obtain a better quality of life. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05291208. Registered on 28 February 2022. ISRCTN87597719 retrospectively registered on 15 September 2023.
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    Theta and Alpha Oscillation Impairments in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Reflect Working Memory Deficit
    (2017) Larraín Valenzuela, Josefina; Zamorano, Francisco; Soto Icaza, Patricia; Carrasco, Ximena; Herrera, Claudia; Aboitiz, Francisco; Daiber, Francisca; Billeke, Pablo