Browsing by Author "Bravo, David"

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    Developmental Losses in Young Children from Pre-Primary Program Closures During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    (2022) Abufhele, Alejandra; Bravo, David; López-Bóo, Florencia; Soto Ramírez, Pamela Eliana
    The learning and developmental losses from pre-primary program closures due to COVID-19 may be unprecedented. These disruptions early in life can be long-lasting. Although there is evidence about the effects of school closures on older children, there is currently no evidence on such losses for children in their early years. This paper is among the first to quantify the actual impact of pandemic-related closures on child development, in this case for a sample of young children in Chile, where school and childcare closures lasted for about a year.We use a unique dataset collected face-to-face in December 2020, which includes child development indicators for general development, language development, social-emotional development, and executive function. We find adverse impacts on children in 2020 compared to children interviewed in 2017 in most development areas. In particular, nine months after the start of the pandemic, we find a loss in language development of 0.25 SDs
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    Developmental Losses in Young Children from Preprimary Program Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    (2024) Abufhele, Alejandra; Bravo, David; Lopez-Boo, Florencia; Soto-Ramirez, Pamela
    The learning and developmental losses from preprimary program closures due to COVID-19 may be unprecedented. These disruptions early in life can be long-lasting. Although there is evidence about the effects of school closures on older children, there is scarce evidence on such losses for children in their early years. This article is among the first to quantify the actual impact of pandemic-related closures on early child development, in this case, for a sample of young children in Chile, where school and childcare closures lasted for about a year. We use a unique data set collected face-to-face in December 2020, which includes child development indicators for general development, language development, socioemotional development, and executive function. We find adverse impacts on children in 2020 compared to children interviewed in 2017 in most development areas. In particular, 9 months after the start of the pandemic, we find a loss in language development of 0.25 SD.
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    Hospital nurse staffing and patient outcomes in Chile: a multilevel cross-sectional study
    (2021) Aiken, Linda H.; Simonetti, Marta; Sloane, Douglas M.; Ceron, Consuelo; Soto, Paz; Bravo, David; Galiano, Alejandra; Behrman, Jere R.; Smith, Herbert L.; McHugh, Matthew D.; Lake, Eileen T.
    Background Unrest in Chile over inequalities has underscored the need to improve public hospitals. Nursing has been overlooked as a solution to quality and access concerns, and nurse staffing is poor by international standards. Using Chile's new diagnosis-related groups system and surveys of nurses and patients, we provide information to policy makers on feasibility, net costs, and estimated improved outcomes associated with increasing nursing resources in public hospitals. Methods For this multilevel cross-sectional study, we used data from surveys of hospital nurses to measure staffing and work environments in public and private Chilean adult high-complexity hospitals, which were linked with patient satisfaction survey and discharge data from the national diagnosis-related groups database for inpatients. All adult patients on medical and surgical units whose conditions permitted and who had been hospitalised for more than 48 h were invited to participate in the patient experience survey until 50 responses were obtained in each hospital. We estimated associations between nurse staffing and work environment quality with inpatient 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, length of stay (LOS), patient experience, and care quality using multilevel random-effects logistic regression models and zero-truncated negative binomial regression models, with clustering of patients within hospitals. Findings We collected and analysed surveys of 1652 hospital nurses from 40 hospitals (34 public and six private), satisfaction surveys of 2013 patients, and discharge data for 761 948 inpatients. Nurse staffing was significantly related to all outcomes, including mortality, after adjusting for patient characteristics, and the work environment was related to patient experience and nurses' quality assessments. Each patient added to nurses' workloads increased mortality (odds ratio 1middot04, 95% CI 1middot01-1middot07, p<0middot01), readmissions (1middot02, 1middot01-1middot03, p<0middot01), and LOS (incident rate ratio 1middot04, 95% CI 1middot01-1middot06, p<0middot05). Nurse workloads across hospitals varied from six to 24 patients per nurse. Patients in hospitals with 18 patients per nurse, compared with those in hospitals with eight patients per nurse, had 41% higher odds of dying, 20% higher odds of being readmitted, 41% higher odds of staying longer, and 68% lower odds of rating their hospital highly. We estimated that savings from reduced readmissions and shorter stays would exceed the costs of adding nurses by US$1middot2 million and $5middot4 million if the additional nurses resulted in average workloads of 12 or ten patients per nurse, respectively. Interpretation Improved hospital nurse staffing in Chile was associated with lower inpatient mortality, higher patient satisfaction, fewer readmissions, and shorter hospital stays, suggesting that greater investments in nurses could return higher quality of care and greater value.
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    Reconociendo el mérito docente: Programa de Acreditación de Excelencia Pedagógica 2002-2014
    (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2015) Pontifica universidad catolica de chile; Rodríguez, Beatriz; Manzi, Jorge; Peirano, Claudia; Bravo, David; Gonzalez Gutierrez Roberto
    El libro hace un recorrido temático que permite dar cuenta de la génesis del Programa de Acreditación de Excelencia Pedagógica, su relación con otras políticas docentes, la metodología con la cual se aborda la evaluación, los principales resultados hasta el año 2012 y las proyecciones en el nuevo escenario político y social en Chile. Se estructura en siete capítulos, además de una sección inal de conclusiones.