Browsing by Author "Espinoza, Manuel A."

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    Cost analysis of chronic pain due to musculoskeletal disorders in Chile
    (2022) Espinoza, Manuel A.; Bilbeny, Norberto; Abbott, Tomas; Carcamo, Cesar; Zitko, Pedro; Zamorano, Paula; Balmaceda, Carlos
    The magnitude of the cost of chronic pain has been a matter of concern in many countries worldwide. The high prevalence, the cost it implies for the health system, productivity, and absenteeism need to be addressed urgently. Studies have begun describing this problem in Chile, but there is still a debt in highlighting its importance and urgency on contributing to chronic pain financial coverage. This study objective is to estimate the expected cost of chronic pain and its related musculoskeletal diseases in the Chilean adult population. We conducted a mathematical decision model exercise, Markov Model, to estimate costs and consequences. Patients were classified into severe, moderate, and mild pain groups, restricted to five diseases: knee osteoarthritis, hip osteoarthritis, lower back pain, shoulder pain, and fibromyalgia. Data analysis considered a set of transition probabilities to estimate the total cost, sick leave payment, and productivity losses. Results show that the total annual cost for chronic pain in Chile is USD 943,413,490, corresponding an 80% to the five diseases studied. The highest costs are related to therapeutic management, followed by productivity losses and sick leave days. Low back pain and fibromyalgia are both the costlier chronic pain-related musculoskeletal diseases. We can conclude that the magnitude of the cost in our country's approach to chronic pain is related to increased productivity losses and sick leave payments. Incorporating actions to ensure access and financial coverage and new care strategies that reorganize care delivery to more integrated and comprehensive care could potentially impact costs in both patients and the health system. Finally, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will probably deepen even more this problem.
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    Cost-effectiveness analysis: fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the perspective of the Chilean public health system
    (2022) Balmaceda, Carlos; Espinoza, Manuel A.; Abbott, Tomas; Peters, Anne
    Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and airflow limitations. International guidelines recommend using bronchodilators like long-acting beta- and muscarinic antagonists, and inhalational corticosteroids. Objectives The cost-effectiveness of single-inhaler triple therapy containing fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) was compared to the treatments Fluticasone Furoate/Vilanterol (FF/VI), Umeclidinio/Vilanterol (UMEC/VI) and Fluticasone Propionate 250 mcg/Salmeterol 25mcg + Tiotropio 18 mcg (FP/SAL/TIO) for patients with COPD from the Chilean public health system perspective. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed, including a deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis over a 25-year time horizon. Two scenarios were assessed to study the effect of a 3%-discount for costs and outcomes on FF/UMEC/VI. Results The incremental cost-effectiveness (ICER) of FF/UMEC/VI versus FF/VI was $10,076/QALY, being a cost-effective alternative to a threshold of one Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc), while versus FP/SAL/TIO the ICER increased to $50,288/QALY, showing to be a non-cost effective alternative to 1 GDPpc, but at a threshold of 3 GDPpc. Conclusion FF/UMEC/VI appears to be a cost-effective intervention for treating COPD compared to FF/VI. However, FF/UMEC/VI compared to FP/SAL/TIO showed an ICER above the threshold of 1 GDPpc, but, in comparison with lower price, the ICER was below 3 GDPpc.
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    Different Alternatives to Assess the Burden of Disease Using Attributable Fraction on a Disability Variable: The Case of Pain and Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders in Chile
    (2021) Zitko, Pedro; Bilbeny, Norberto; Vargas, Constanza; Balmaceda, Carlos; Eberhard, Maria E.; Ahumada, Marisol; Rodriguez, Maria F.; Flores, Javiera; Markkula, Niina; Espinoza, Manuel A.
    Objectives: To estimate the burden of disease through 4 complementary procedures to years lived with disability (YLDs) using the concept of attributable fraction and including analysis of subdomains of disability.
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    Estrategias para la prevención primaria y secundaria del cáncer gástrico: Consenso chileno de panel de expertos con técnica Delfi
    (2024) Corsi Sotelo, Oscar Felipe; Pizarro Rojas, Margarita Alicia; Rollán Rodríguez, Antonio; Silva Figueroa, Verónica; Araya Jofré, Raúl; Bufadel Godoy, María Ester; Cortés González, Pablo; González Donoso, Robinson; Fuentes López, Eduardo; Latorre Selvat, Gonzalo Ignacio; Medel Jara, Patricio Andrés; Reyes Placencia, Diego Armando; Pizarro Véliz, Mauricio; Garchitorena Marqués, María Jesus; Zegers Vial, María Trinidad; Crispi Galleguillos, Francisca; Espinoza, Manuel A.; Riquelme Pérez, Arnoldo Javier
    Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la primera causa de muerte oncológica en Chile y la sexta en América Latina y el Caribe (LAC). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) es el principal carcinógeno gástrico y su tratamiento reduce la incidencia y mortalidad por CG. La endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) permite la detección de condiciones premalignas y CG incipiente. No existen programas de búsqueda masiva de la infección por H. pylori ni cribado de las condiciones premalignas ni CG incipiente en LAC. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer recomendaciones para la prevención primaria y secundaria de CG en población asintomática de riesgo estándar en Chile. Métodos: Se realizaron dos talleres y un seminario sincrónicos con modalidad a distancia, con expertos chilenos. Se realizó un consenso por panel Delfi de 2 rondas hasta lograr>80% de acuerdo respecto a las estrategias de prevención primaria y secundaria propuestas para la población estratificada según grupos etarios. Resultados: Se realizaron 2 talleres y un seminario con participación de 10, 12 y 12 expertos, respectivamente. En el panel Delfi respondieron 25 de 37 (77,14%) y 28 de 52 expertos (53,85%). Para la población de 16-34 años no hubo consenso sobre testear y tratar de forma no invasiva para H. pylori y se descartó el uso de EDA. Entre 35-44 años se recomienda testear y tratar de forma no invasiva para H. pylori y evaluar posteriormente su erradicación con pruebas no invasivas (antígeno en deposiciones de H. pylori o prueba de aire espirado). En el grupo ≥45 años se recomienda una estrategia combinada mediante testear y tratar para H. pylori sumado a biomarcadores no invasivos (serología IgG contra H. pylori y pepsinógenos I y II séricos); luego un grupo seleccionado de sujetos, será derivado a EDA con biopsias gástricas (Protocolo Sydney), que serán utilizadas para estratificar riesgo según clasificación Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA); cada 3 años en OLGA III-IV y cada 5 años en OLGA I-II.ConclusiónSe propone una estrategia de testear y tratar la infección por H. pylori (prevención primaria) en base a estudios no invasivos en la población de 35-44 años y una estrategia combinada (serología y EDA) en población ≥45 años (prevención primaria y secundaria). Estas estrategias son potencialmente aplicables por otros países de LAC.
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    Influence of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Booster among Cancer Patients on Active Treatment Previously Immunized with Inactivated versus mRNA Vaccines: A Prospective Cohort Study
    (2023) Mondaca Contreras, Sebastián Patricio; Walbaum, Benjamín; Corre, Nicole Le; Ferrés Garrido, Marcela Viviana; Valdés, Alejandro; Martínez-Valdebenito, Constanza; Ruiz-Tagle, Cinthya; Macanas Pirard, Patricia; Ross, Patricio; Cisternas, Betzabé; Pérez, Patricia; Cabrera, Olivia; Cerda, Valentina; Ormazábal, Ivana; Barrera Vásquez, Aldo Vincen; Prado, María E.; Venegas, María I.; Palma, Silvia; Broekhuizen, Richard; Kalergis, Alexis; Bueno, Susan M.; Espinoza, Manuel A.; Balcells Marty, María Elvira; Nervi Nattero, Bruno
    Cancer patients on chemotherapy have a lower immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Therefore, through a prospective cohort study of patients with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy, we aimed to determine the immunogenicity of an mRNA vaccine booster (BNT162b2) among patients previously immunized with an inactivated (CoronaVac) or homologous (BNT162b2) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) seropositivity at 8–12 weeks post-booster. The secondary end points included IgG antibody (TAb) seropositivity and specific T-cell responses. A total of 109 patients were included. Eighty-four (77%) had heterologous vaccine schedules (two doses of CoronaVac followed by the BNT162b2 booster) and twenty-five had (23%) homologous vaccine schedules (three doses of BNT162b2). IgG antibody positivity for the homologous and heterologous regimen were 100% and 96% (p = 0.338), whereas NAb positivity reached 100% and 92% (p = 0.13), respectively. Absolute NAb positivity and Tab levels were associated with the homologous schedule (with a beta coefficient of 0.26 with p = 0.027 and a geometric mean ratio 1.41 with p = 0.044, respectively). Both the homologous and heterologous vaccine regimens elicited a strong humoral and cellular response after the BNT162b2 booster. The homologous regimen was associated with higher NAb positivity and Tab levels after adjusting for relevant covariates.
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    The expected cost of cancer in Chile
    (2022) Espinoza, Manuel A.; Armijo, Nicolas; Abbott, Tomas; Jimenez, Jorge; Balmaceda, Carlos
    Background: Cancer is a public health priority in Chile. Aim: To estimate the expected annual cost of cancer in Chile, due to direct costs of health services, working allowances and indirect costs for productivity losses. Material and Methods: We undertook an ascendent costing methodology to calculate direct costs. We built diagnostic, treatment and follow-up cost baskets for each cancer type. Further, we estimated the expenditure due to sick leave subsidies. Both estimates were performed either for the public or private sector. Costs related to productivity loss were estimated using the human capital approach, incorporating disease related absenteeism premature deaths. The time frame for all estimates was one year. Results: The annual expected costs attributed to cancer was $1,557 billion of Chilean pesos. The health services expected annual costs were $1,436 billion, 67% of which are spent on five cancer groups (digestive, hematologic, respiratory, breast and urinary tract). The expected costs of sick leave subsidies and productivity loss were $48 and $71 billion, respectively. Conclusions: Cancer generates costs to the health system, which obliges health planners to allocate a significant proportion of the health budget to this disease. The expected costs estimated in this study are equivalent to 8.9% of all health expenditures and 0.69% of the Gross Domestic Product. This study provides an updated reference for future research, such as those aimed at evaluating the current health policies in cancer.
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    The impact of hypoglycemia on healthcare costs: a modeling study from Chile
    (2022) Balmaceda, Carlos; Espinoza, Manuel A.; Cabieses, Baltica; Espinoza, Nazareth
    Background: This study aimed to estimate the expected cost of hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus type-2 patients receiving hypoglycemic treatment in Chile and to explore the effect of the potential reduction of hypoglycemia over the total cost incurred by its public health system.
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    The socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2023) Espinoza, Manuel A.; Severino Suárez, Rodrigo Alfredo; Balmaceda, Carlos; Abbott, Tomás; Cabieses, Báltica
    © 2023, BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.Background: Life expectancy (LE) has usually been used as a metric to monitor population health. In the last few years, metrics such as Quality-Adjusted-Life-Expectancy (QALE) and Health-Adjusted-Life- Expectancy (HALE) have gained popularity in health research, given their capacity to capture health related quality of life, providing a more comprehensive approach to the health concept. We aimed to estimate the distribution of the LE, QALEs and HALEs across Socioeconomic Status in the Chilean population. Methods: Based on life tables constructed using Chiang II´s method, we estimated the LE of the population in Chile by age strata. Probabilities of dying were estimated from mortality data obtained from national registries. Then, life tables were stratified into five socioeconomic quintiles, based on age-adjusted years of education (pre-school, early years to year 1, primary level, secondary level, technical or university). Quality weights (utilities) were estimated for age strata and SES, using the National Health Survey (ENS 2017). Utilities were calculated using the EQ-5D data of the ENS 2017 and the validated value set for Chile. We applied Sullivan´s method to adjust years lived and convert them into QALEs and HALEs. Results: LE at birth for Chile was estimated in 80.4 years, which is consistent with demographic national data. QALE and HALE at birth were 69.8 and 62.4 respectively. Men are expected to live 6.1% less than women. However, this trend is reversed when looking at QALEs and HALEs, indicating the concentration of higher morbidity in women compared to men. The distribution of all these metrics across SES showed a clear gradient in favour of a better-off population-based on education quintiles. The absolute and relative gaps between the lowest and highest quintile were 15.24 years and 1.21 for LE; 18.57 HALYs and 1.38 for HALEs; and 21.92 QALYs and 1.41 for QALEs. More pronounced gradients and higher gaps were observed at younger age intervals. Conclusion: The distribution of LE, QALE and HALEs in Chile shows a clear gradient favouring better-off populations that decreases over people´s lives. Differences in LE favouring women contrast with differences in HALEs and QALEs which favour men, suggesting the need of implementing gender-focused policies to address the case-mix complexity. The magnitude of inequalities is greater than in other high-income countries and can be explained by structural social inequalities and inequalities in access to healthcare.
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    The Value of Further Research: The Added Value of Individual-Participant Level Data
    (2019) Saramago, Pedro; Espinoza, Manuel A.; Sutton, Alex J.; Manca, Andrea; Claxton, Karl
    Judgements based on average cost-effectiveness estimates may disguise significant heterogeneity in net health outcomes. Decisions about coverage of new interventions are often more efficient when they consider between-patient heterogeneity, which is usually operationalized as different selections for different subgroups. While most model-based cost-effectiveness studies are populated with aggregated-level sub-group estimates, individual-level data are recognized as the best source of evidence to produce unbiased and efficient estimates to explore this heterogeneity. This paper extends a previously published framework to assesses the added value of having access to individual-level data, compared to using aggregate-level data only, in the absence/presence of mutually exclusive population subgroups. Supported by a case study on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to increase uptake of smoke-alarms, the extended framework provided a quantification of the benefits foregone of not using individual-level data, pointed to the optimal number of subgroups and where further research should be undertaken. Although not indicating changes in reimbursement decisions, results showed that irrespective of using aggregate or individual-level data, no substantial additional gains are obtained if more than two subgroups are taken into account. However, depending on the evidence type used, different subgroups are revealed as warranting larger research funds. The use of individual-level data, rather than aggregate, may however influence not only the extent to which an appropriate understanding of existing heterogeneity is attained, but, more importantly, it may shape approval decisions for particular population subgroups and judgements of future research.