Browsing by Author "Favier, Philomène"

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    Empirical fragility curves of RC buildings in Chile using a cumulative link model
    (National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, 2017) Favier, Philomène; Quintana Quintana, Fernando; Magna Verdugo, Carolina Elena; Santa María Oyanedel, Hernán; Hube Ginestar, Matías Andrés; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la
    Chile is known as one of the most seismic countries in the world showing approximately one event above magnitude 8 every ten years. Unexpected damage occurred in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake. Calculating the risk for RC buildings to exceed a given damage state during potential future seismic events is thus of paramount importance. It is assumed that the risk can be calculated from a combination of an exposure model, an intensity hazard distribution, and the vulnerability definition of RC buildings. Construction of fragility curves is part of the process for vulnerability definition. We propose here in an innovative methodology to build empirical fragility curves with the collected data of Chilean RC buildings. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, a database of the damage states of Chilean RC buildings was built by the assessment of structural engineers from companies or municipalities. Damage was classified in five states: no damage, slight, moderate, severe and complete damage states. The database is composed of observations made in six Chilean cities exposed to different seismic intensity. An interpolation of a 2010 shakemap provides the intensity measure occurring at the location of each building. Different generalized linear models were tested and it was shown that the cumulative logit link model provides the best fit of fragility curves. Cumulative link models for ordinal data ensure that fragility curves do not cross. The number of buildings floors and the year of construction are considered as covariates of our model. A Bayesian approach is adopted to obtain estimates and distribution of the parameters describing the statistical model. The resulting fragility curves for RC buildings are compared with results available in the literature. The provided fragility curves for Chilean RC buildings is the major contribution of this study. Finally, the usability of the curves is investigated from a risk perspective, and the need of more information to improve the fitting procedure is discussed.
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    Impact on chilean hospitals following the 2015 Illapel earthquake
    (National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, 2017) Favier, Philomène; Rivera Jofré, Felipe Andrés; Poulos Campbell, Alan John; Vásquez P., Jorge; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; Mitrani-Reiser, Judith
    In a post-disaster environment, hospitals play a critical role in healthcare services continuities to the population while effectively coping with eventual losses of functionality. These losses come from physical damage to the facility, loss of utility lifelines, failure in supply chains, and reduction of personnel. However, data describing the detailed performance of hospitals during past earthquakes are scarce. Consequently, following the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake in central Chile, an exhaustive field campaign was carried out in the Coquimbo region to collect substantial perishable data to describe physical damage to hospitals and functionality losses. This study presents first the baseline information obtained in nine surveyed government hospitals, including size, location and type of infrastructure. Then, the seismic impact was analyzed and classified to show the main physical structural and non-structural damage, lifeline interruptions, losses in hospital units, and variations in flow of patients and staff. Transfers, discharges and evacuations of patients that occurred after the event were also reported. We found that the earthquake did not affect strongly the healthcare service despite the fact that most of the structural and non-structural damage was localized in the largest regional hospital. The archival nature of the data collected may deepen our understanding of the post-earthquake healthcare system performance, which is very useful in improving disaster preparation and overall resilience.
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    Reconnaissance observations by CIGIDEN after the 2015 Illapel, Chile earthquake and tsunami
    (National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, 2017) Rivera Jofré, Felipe Andrés; Jünemann Ureta, Rosita; Candia, Gabriel A.; Favier, Philomène; Fernández Soto, Claudio; Chacón de la Cruz, Matías Fernando Nicolás; Hube Ginestar, Matías Andrés; Chamorro Giné, Marcela Alondra; Aguirre Aparicio, Paula; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; Poulos Campbell, Alan John; Illapel earthquake; Critical infrastructure
    This paper describes the reconnaissance work conducted by researchers from the National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management (CIGIDEN) between September 23rd and October 2nd in the area affected by the Mw 8.3 Illapel megathrust earthquake, which struck offshore the coast of the Coquimbo Region in central Chile on September 16th, 2015. A first team focused on the seismic performance and effects of the tsunami on public hospitals and on reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. A second team focused on the road network infrastructure. Field work included: (i) a survey on the physical and functional damages of the public hospitals in the Region; (ii) a visual inspection and preliminary damage assessment of 20 RC buildings in the largest cities of the region and an aftershock instrumentation of the Coquimbo hospital; and (iii) the inspection of bridges, pedestrian bridges, and rockfall along overstepped cut slopes of the road network. The overall limited impact of this megathrust earthquake may be explained in part by the long-term efforts made by the country to prepare for such events. Learnings from the 2010 Maule earthquake were evidenced in the successful evacuation along the coast of the country, and the overall good performance of engineered masonry structures, and of RC buildings designed after 2010.
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    Seismic damage and fragility assessment of ancient masonry churches located in central Chile
    (2020) Palazzi Chiara, Nuria; Favier, Philomène; Rovero, Luisa; Sandoval Mandujano, Cristián; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la
    An assessment of damage and seismic fragility of historical unreinforced masonry churches located in Chile’s central valley was carried out employing the results of a field survey of 106 ancient churches, after the 2010 Maule earthquake. The observed damage was correlated with recurrent failure mechanisms of unreinforced masonry structures, by taking into account 22 local mechanisms involving macro-elements on these churches. The average damage level suffered by each church was computed considering the global and local behaviors of the structures through a damage index computed as a weighted mean of the levels of damage observed for each mechanism. The results of this damage index method are used to obtain Probability Mass Functions and suitable probabilistic tools are used to propose Empirical Fragility Curves (EFCs) for these structures. The EFCs are directly usable by stakeholders involved in risk assessment aimed to the prioritization of possible future damage mitigation strategies and other decision making processes relative to this historical heritage.
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    Seismic Risk Assessment of an Emergency Department of a Chilean Hospital Using a Patient-Oriented Performance Model
    (2019) Favier, Philomène; Poulos Campbell, Alan John; Vásquez, J. A.; Aguirre Aparicio, Paula Andrea; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la
    After an earthquake, hospital emergency departments need to provide continuous health care services to respond to the eventual sudden increase in injured people. The service performance of an emergency department is influenced by internal factors, such as physical damage and staff availability, and external factors, such as an increased patient arrival rate and disruptions in its supply chain. This research presents a quantification methodology for the performance of the emergency department. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the explicit integration of the inelastic structural and nonstructural response of the building and damage with its loss of functionality, downtime, and emergency patient treatment rate. A discrete event simulation model is used to model the flow of patients within the different units of the emergency department. The seismic risk is expressed as return periods of exceeding different levels of patient waiting times. Results show that 1,000 and 30,000 accumulated waiting hours correspond to return periods of 100 and 1,000 years, respectively. It is concluded that this model may contribute to improving the risk management of critical emergency department infrastructure.
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    Seismic vulnerability of wine barrel stacks
    (SAGE Publications, 2016) Candia, Gabriel; Jaimes, Miguel; Arredondo, César; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; Favier, Philomène; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Centro Nacional de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Desastres Naturales
    Recent earthquakes have shown that wine barrel stacks are highly susceptible to collapse, leading to large economic losses, downtime, and longer recovery periods. This study presents a methodology using a probabilistic approach for estimating the fragility functions and economic losses in barrel stacks. The seismic response of these systems was determined from the dynamic equilibrium equations that describe the position and orientation of each element. The analysis considered ground motions scaled at different intensity levels and different barrel stack configurations; the simulations enabled reproducing the most common collapse mechanisms observed in the field and in shaking table experiments. From a statistical analysis of the results, vulnerability functions were evaluated as the probability of being within a specific damage state for a given ground motion intensity. Additional numerical simulations were performed to study the effects of the inherent uncertainty of the interface parameters controlling the dynamic response and collapse sequence of the barrel stacks. Furthermore, this methodology was used to evaluate the impact effect and improvement of a base isolation solution as a damage mitigation measure.