Browsing by Author "González López, Gabriel"

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    Earthquake damage assessment for Iquique: case study for implementation of Hazus-MH in Chile
    (National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, 2017) Aguirre Aparicio, Paula; Vásquez P., Jorge; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; González López, Gabriel; González, Juan; Shrivastava, Mahesh
    Risk evaluation and loss analysis is key in foreseeing the impact of disasters caused by natural hazards, and may contribute effectively in improving resilience in a community through the pre-evaluation of preparedness and mitigation actions. The pilot study considered herein is the city of Iquique, located in north Chile where a large megathrust earthquake and tsunami is expected to eventually cover the south of Peru and north of Chile. Although the region was recently hit by an Mw 8.2 earthquake April 1st 2014, damage caused was only moderate. Geophysical evidence suggests that there is still a potential for a much larger event in the region. Therefore, a thorough risk assessment is key to anticipate its possible physical, social, and economic consequences. Consequently, HAZUS-MH was used to simulate a set of earthquake hazard scenarios generated from estimates of plate interlocking and the residual slip potential remaining from the April 1st 2014 rupture fault mechanism. Successful application of the HAZUS-MH methodology relies on the construction of a comprehensive exposure model that takes into account regional features and a good characterization of the physical vulnerabilities. For Iquique we have used a large body of public and local data to develop a detailed inventory of physical and social assets including an aggregated building count, demographics, essential facilities, infrastructure, and lifelines. To characterize the response of the built environment to seismic demand, HAZUS fragility curves and downtime models were applied, and outputs were calibrated using the observed damage after the April 1st 2014 earthquake. Using such calibration, a deterministic seismic risk assessment for the collection of generated scenarios and their expected impacts on all physical assets, population, and essential facilities were estimated. This analysis sets a basis for the simulation and evaluation of different physical and social mitigation measures for the city in the future.
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    Sensitivity of synthetic seismograms for different seismic scenarios in north Chile
    (National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, 2017) Fortuño Jara, Catalina Pía; Llera Martin, Juan Carlos de la; González López, Gabriel; González, Juan; Aguirre Aparicio, Paula
    This research studies the sensitivity of spectral response values to various physical earthquake scenario parameters, the latter used to generate synthetic low frequency seismograms in North Chile. Ten earthquake scenarios have been defined using seed information from the slip model of the 2010, Maule earthquake, and different physically plausible interplate locking models in the region. Firstly, the Maule 2010 finite fault rupture model was resituated in the existing seismic gap in north Chile using a curved geometry according to the Slab 1.0 model. From this seed model, one synthetic scenario with constant moment magnitude Mw 8.8 was generated with the same slip distribution as the original 2010 slip model. Three other models with variations in the slip distribution were considered. In addition, three physically plausible fault rupture models based on previous studies of interplate locking were used. Each of these scenarios was capable of generating Mw 8.2 – 8.4 earthquakes with a maximum slip of 7.5 m, approximately. Patches of major slip were located along the coast line approximately in front of the cities of Arica, Iquique, and Tocopilla, respectively. Also, three additional scenarios with moment magnitudes in the range Mw 8.5 – 8.7 were built by connecting these physical scenarios into larger rupture areas. These combined interplate locking models represented the activation of two or more asperities, similar to the experience of the 2010 Maule earthquake. Using these scenarios we built low frequency synthetic seismograms at four control sites: Arica, Iquique, Tocopilla, and Calama. The sensitivity of these results was studied by deterministic analyses on some key rupture parameters, such as mean rupture velocity and slip rise-time. Sensitivity analysis used peak ground displacement (PGD) and acceleration (PGA), pseudo-acceleration spectra, Sa, and displacement spectra, Sd. The range of values considered for mean rupture velocity was vr = 2.2-3.0 km/s. Four points were considered in the vicinity of each specified velocity to compute sensitivities. First and second order derivatives of PGD, PGA, Sd, and Sa relative to the source parameters were then used to build a Taylor series expansion to predict PGD, Sa and Sd as a function of vr. This allows to consider uncertainty in this parameter and propagate such uncertainty into spectral response values. An analogous procedure was considered for rise-time tr in the range from 2 to 10s.