Browsing by Author "González R."
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- ItemConsensus and dissent in historical memory and in attitudes toward reparation in three generations of chileansConsenso y disenso en la memoria histórica y en las actitudes hacia la reparación en tres generaciones de chilenos(2013) Carvacho H.; Manzi J.; Haye A.; González R.; Cornejo M.In 2 correlational studies conducted in Santiago de Chile (N1 = 996 and N2 = 841)-with samples based on quotas of socioeconomic status, age, and gender-2 hypotheses were tested: (a) that Chileans socialized in different political context (before, during or after the dictatorship) and who have different political orientations (left, center or right) exhibit consensus in their historical memory, but differ concerning the evaluation of reparation policies toward victims of the dictatorship, and (b) that ideological attitudes (authoritarianism, support for democracy, and orientation towards social dominance) explain differences in the evaluation of the reparation policies. Analysis of an open question showed consensus between generations and between political groups about considering the coup d'état in 1973 and the transition to democracy as the central elements of Chilean political history. Results of structural equation modeling showed that political groups differ in their evaluation of reparation policies (with the left being more supportive). Dissent was explained by the ideological attitudes underlying the left-right distinction. © 2013 by Psykhe.
- ItemEthnicity or Policy? The Conditioning of Intergroup Trust in the Context of Ethnic Conflict(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Carlin R.E.; González R.; Miranda D.A.; Love G.J.; Navia P.D.© 2021 International Society of Political PsychologyHow do stances on public policies aimed at ethnic conflict resolution affect intergroup trust? Building on theories of prosociality, social identity, and intergroup bias, we expect redistributive policy preferences meant to resolve ethnic conflict to replace ethnicity as the main barrier to intergroup trust because their zero-sum nature raises intergroup threat. We test our expectations in Chile's ongoing indigenous/nonindigenous conflict using behavioral trust games embedded in an online nationally representative quota survey (n = 1105). Results align with our expectation. Namely, a lack of shared ethnic identity between nonindigenous Chileans and indigenous Mapuche does not lower intergroup trust. However, shared stances on a policy that would raise taxes to spur development in indigenous communities do increase intergroup trust discrimination. We probe the psychological mechanism—meaningful policy-based group identities—by testing whether trustor indigenous identification and trustor political ideology moderate the effect of trustee policy stances on intergroup trust. Results are consistent with our assumption that shared policy stances can, indeed, form the basis of a meaningful social identity. Hence the very policies meant to end intergroup conflict could potentially perpetuate or redirect it to institutional channels of representation.
- ItemInternational optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Baranski E.; Sweeny K.; Gardiner G.; Funder D.C.; Beramendi M.; Bastian B.; Neubauer A.; Cortez D.; Roth E.; Torres A.; Zanini D.S.; Petkova K.; Tracy J.; Amiot C.; Pelletier-Dumas M.; González R.; Rosenbluth A.; Salgado S.; Guan Y.; Yang Y.; Forero D.A.; Camargo A.; Papastefanakis E.; Spyridaki I.; Kritsotakis G.; Fragkiadaki E.; Jerneic Ž.; Hrebícková M.; Graf S.; Strøbæk P.; Realo A.; Becker A.; Maisonneuve C.; El-Astal S.; Gamsakhurdia V.L.; Ziegler M.; Penke L.; Rauthmann J.; Buchtel E.E.; Wai-Lan Yeung V.; Kun Á.; Gadanecz P.; Vass Z.; Smohai M.; Das A.; Lavalekar A.; Aurelia M.Z.; Kinayung D.; Gaffar V.; Sullivan G.; Day C.; Rechter E.; Gnisci A.; Sergi I.; Senese V.P.; Perugini M.; Costantini G.; Komiya A.; Sato T.; Nakata Y.; Kawamoto S.; Al-Zoubi M.; Owsley N.; Jang C.; Mburu G.; Ngina I.; Dimdins G.; Barkauskiene R.; Laurinavicius A.; Mastor K.A.; Kruse E.; Ramírez-Esparza N.; Denissen J.; Aken M.V.; Fischer R.; Onyishi I.E.; Ogba K.T.; Leknes S.; Holen V.W.; Hansen I.; Tamnes C.K.; Klæva K.; Rizwan M.; Kausar R.; Khan N.; Espinosa A.; Cecilia M.G.C.(.; Quiñones D.M.A.; Szarota P.; Izdebski P.; Kotysko M.; Henriques-Calado J.; Sava F.A.; Lvova O.; Pogrebitskaya V.; Allakhverdov M.; Manichev S.; Barry O.; Smederevac S.; Colovic P.; Mitrovic D.; Oljaca M.; Hong R.; Halama P.; Musek J.; Kock F.D.; Han G.; Suh E.M.(.; Choi S.; Boonyasiriwat W.; Saribay A.; Somer O.; Akalin P.K.; Baguma P.K.; Vinogradov A.; Zhuravlova L.; Rentfrow J.; Conner M.; Tullett A.; Ramírez-Esparza N.; Colman D.E.; Cheng J.T.; Stocks E.; Thu Bui H.T.© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Objective: The current exploratory study sought to examine dispositional optimism, or the general expectation for positive outcomes, around the world. Method: Dispositional optimism and possible correlates were assessed across 61 countries (N = 15,185; mean age = 21.92; 77% female). Mean-level differences in optimism were computed along with their relationships with individual and country-level variables. Results: Worldwide, mean optimism levels were above the midpoint of the scale. Perhaps surprisingly, country-level optimism was negatively related to gross domestic product per capita, population density, and democratic norms and positively related to income inequality and perceived corruption. However, country-level optimism was positively related to projected economic improvement. Individual-level optimism was positively related to individual well-being within every country, although this relationship was less strong in countries with challenging economic and social circumstances. Conclusions: While individuals around the world are generally optimistic, societal characteristics appear to affect the degree to which their optimism is associated with psychological well-being, sometimes in seemingly anomalous ways.
- ItemPsicología y Pueblos Indígenas(Annual Reviews Inc., 2022) González R.; Carvacho H.; Jiménez-Moya G.© 2022 Annual Reviews Inc.. All rights reserved.La pregunta sobre la existencia de características comunes inherentes a la psicología de los pueblos Indígenas de todo el mundo ha sido objeto de mucho debate. Nosotros argumentamos que los pueblos Indígenas comparten la experiencia de la colonización, así como sus consecuencias sociales y psicológicas. Desarrollamos este argumento en cuatro secciones: (a) La historia global de la colonización y las desigualdades sociales; (b) aspectos relativos a la identidad y los procesos grupales, incluidas la transmisión intergeneracional de valores compartidos, la conexión con la naturaleza y la promoción del cambio social; (c) el prejuicio y la discriminación hacia los pueblos Indígenas y el rol que juegan los procesos psicológicos para promover relaciones positivas entre los pueblos Indígenas y no-Indígenas; y (d) el impacto del trauma histórico y del colonialismo en la cognición, la salud mental y el bienestar de los pueblos Indígenas, así como la base para el desarrollo de intervenciones exitosas que integran los conocimientos Indígenas. Por último, abordamos los desafíos futuros de la investigación sobre estos temas.
- ItemPsychology and Indigenous People(Annual Reviews Inc., 2022) González R.; Carvacho H.; Jiménez-Moya G.© 2022 Annual Reviews Inc.. All rights reserved.Whether there are common features inherent to the psychology of Indigenous peoples around the globe has been the subject of much debate. We argue that Indigenous peoples share the experience of colonization and its social and psychological consequences. We develop this argument across four sections: (a) the global history of colonization and social inequalities; (b) aspects concerning identity and group processes, including the intergenerational transmission of shared values, the connection with nature, and the promotion of social change; (c) prejudice and discrimination toward Indigenous peoples and the role of psychological processes to improve relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples; and (d) the impact of historical trauma and colonialism on dimensions including cognition, mental health, and the well-being of Indigenous peoples as well as the basis for successful interventions that integrate Indigenous knowledge. Finally, we address future challenges for research on these topics.
- ItemRecommendations for the management of patients with COVID-19 with therapeutic indication for mechanical ventilation that are eventually connected to anesthesia machinesRecomendaciones para el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 con indicación terapéutica de ventilación mecánica que eventualmente son conectados a máquinas de anestesia(Sociedad de Anestesiologia de Chile, 2020) Aranda F.; Cabrera M.C.; Aliste J.; Egaña J.I.; González R.; Penna A.; Altermatt F.; Bruhn A.; De La Fuente R.; Lacassie H.J.; Bruhn A.; Bernucci F.; Carrasco E.; Castillo R.; Díaz R.; Honorato T.; López M.; Pizarro F.; Rocco C.; Regueira T.; Merino W.; Torres D.; Alvarez J.P.; Acuña D.
- ItemSocial mindfulness and prosociality vary across the globe(National Academy of Sciences, 2021) van Doesum N.J.; Romano A.; van Doesum N.J.; Manesi Z.; van Lange P.A.M.; van Doesum N.J.; Murphy R.O.; Murphy R.O.; Gallucci M.; Aharonov-Majar E.; Athenstaedt U.; Au W.T.; Bai L.; Böhm R.; Böhm R.; Böhm R.; Bovina I.; Buchan N.R.; Chen X.P.; Dumont K.B.; Engelmann J.B.; Shalvi S.; Engelmann J.B.; Eriksson K.; Euh H.; Fiedler S.; Friesen J.; Gächter S.; Garcia C.; González R.; Graf S.; Hrebíčková M.; Growiec K.; Guimond S.; Immer-Bernold E.; Joireman J.; Karagonlar G.; Kawakami K.; Kiyonari T.; Kou Y.; Kuhlman D.M.; Kyrtsis A.A.; Tsirbas Y.; Lay S.; Leonardelli G.J.; Leonardelli G.J.; Li N.P.; Li Y.; Maciejovsky B.; Mashuri A.; Mashuri A.; Mok A.; Moser K.S.; Moser K.S.; Moták L.; Netedu A.; Pammi C.; Platow M.J.; Raczka-Winkler K.; Weber B.; Reinders Folmer C.P.; Reinders Folmer C.P.; Reyna C.; Simão C.; Stivers A.W.; Strimling P.; Utz S.; Utz S.; van der Meij L.; Waldzus S.; Wang Y.; Weisel O.; Wildschut T.; Winter F.; Wu J.; Wu J.; Yong J.C.© 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Humans are social animals, but not everyone will be mindful of others to the same extent. Individual differences have been found, but would social mindfulness also be shaped by one's location in the world? Expecting cross-national differences to exist, we examined if and how social mindfulness differs across countries. At little to no material cost, social mindfulness typically entails small acts of attention or kindness. Even though fairly common, such low-cost cooperation has received little empirical attention. Measuring social mindfulness across 31 samples from industrialized countries and regions (n = 8,354), we found considerable variation. Among selected country-level variables, greater social mindfulness was most strongly associated with countries' better general performance on environmental protection. Together, our findings contribute to the literature on prosociality by targeting the kind of everyday cooperation that is more focused on communicating benevolence than on providing material benefits.
- ItemTrust in political institutions in Chile: A model of the main components of trust judgmentsConfianza en instituciones políticas en Chile: Un modelo de los componentes centrales de juicios de confianza(2008) Segovia C.; Haye A.; González R.; Manzi J.; Carvacho H.Citizen's trust in political institutions is important for democracies. However, there are doubts regarding the nature of trust judgments. We argue that trust judgments concerning political institutions centrally involve the consideration of both the preparation and resources of the institutions that enable it to fulfill its goals (capacity), and the orientation of such goals toward the wellbeing of citizens (benevolence). Results are based on a survey carried out in Santiago, Chile, during 2005 on 996 people. We conclude that both capacity and benevolence are strong predictors of trust and that, beyond the direct influence of each of them, they also have a joint effect on trust judgments.
- ItemUnderstanding Change in Social-Movement Participation: The Roles of Social Norms and Group Efficacy(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Smith E.M.; González R.; Frigolett C.© 2021 International Society of Political PsychologyAcross the globe, collective action has been a notable driver of social change. Previous research has identified numerous psychological antecedents of collective action participation, such as group efficacy. The mobilizing influence of social norms, however, has been comparatively neglected. Among a nationally representative Chilean sample (N = 3328), a three-wave longitudinal study tested the relationship between the perceived frequency of family and friends' participation in social movements (norms of close social networks) and change in the frequency of participants' own engagement over time. Perceived efficacy of social movements to facilitate social change was tested as a mediator of this relationship. A fully constrained bidirectional cross-lagged panel model revealed that norms of close social networks significantly predicted social-movement participation over time. This longitudinal relationship was also significantly mediated by group efficacy. Direct reverse paths were also observed, with social-movement participation predicting norms of close social networks over time. Considering low degrees of political participation often seen in societies, these results suggest that utilizing the normative context to promote participation in social movements may prove fruitful in mobilizing the drive for social change.
- ItemValidation of the Short-Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale in Chilean YouthValidación de la Versión Abreviada de la Escala de Homonegatividad Moderna en Jóvenes Chilenos(Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 2022) Gómez F.; Cumsille P.; González R.Copyright 2021 by PsykheThough gay and lesbian rights have received increasing recognition around the world, prejudice and discrimination have become more covert. The main objective of this study was to validate the 10-item version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS) in its two parallel forms: modern homonegativity towards gay men (MHS-G) and modern homonegativity towards lesbians (MHS-L). The participants in this study were 182 young Chileans from Santiago, aged between 18 and 25 years, who were selected through convenience (non-probability) sampling. A confirmatory factor analysis yielded evidence for the unidimensionality of both versions of the instrument. Both forms of the instrument obtained good indicators of internal consistency according to McDonald’s omega (ωgay = 0.91, CI 95% [0.89, 0.93]; ωles = 0.90, CI 95% [0.88, 0.92]). The multigroup analyses conducted suggest that both forms are invariant for men and women as well as between themselves. We found a positive association between modern homonegativity levels and sexism and conservatism levels as well as a negative relationship with positive affects and intentions of establishing contact with gay men and lesbian women. These results offer support for the use of the 2 Chilean versions of the instrument (MHS-G and MHS-L), making available a useful tool for measuring new expressions of prejudice towards gay men and lesbians in Chilean youth.