Browsing by Author "Lopez, Claudia"

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    A Bias Network Approach (BNA) to Encourage Ethical Reflection Among AI Developers
    (2024) Arriagada Bruneau, Gabriela; Lopez, Claudia; Davidoff, Alexandra
    We introduce the Bias Network Approach (BNA) as a sociotechnical method for AI developers to identify, map, and relate biases across the AI development process. This approach addresses the limitations of what we call the "isolationist approach to AI bias," a trend in AI literature where biases are seen as separate occurrences linked to specific stages in an AI pipeline. Dealing with these multiple biases can trigger a sense of excessive overload in managing each potential bias individually or promote the adoption of an uncritical approach to understanding the influence of biases in developers' decision-making. The BNA fosters dialogue and a critical stance among developers, guided by external experts, using graphical representations to depict biased connections. To test the BNA, we conducted a pilot case study on the "waiting list" project, involving a small AI developer team creating a healthcare waiting list NPL model in Chile. The analysis showed promising findings: (i) the BNA aids in visualizing interconnected biases and their impacts, facilitating ethical reflection in a more accessible way; (ii) it promotes transparency in decision-making throughout AI development; and (iii) more focus is necessary on professional biases and material limitations as sources of bias in AI development.
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    Prevalence estimation of Autism Spectrum disorders in chilean urban population
    (2021) Yanez, Carolina; Maira, Paulina; Elguetab, Constanza; Crockett, Marcelo A.; Troncoso, Ledia; Lopez, Claudia; Troncoso, Monica; Brito, Macarena
    The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased, varying between 0.5 and 1% around the world. The prevalence of ASD in Chile is unknown. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of ASD in two urban communes of Santiago, Chile. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. 272 children aged between 18-30 months who attended well-child visits at two Family Health Centers in two urban communes of Santiago participated. Consecutive sampling was used and children who were already being monitored by neurology were excluded. Screening was performed using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT). Those children with altered M-CHAT were evaluated by a pediatric neurologist at the San Borja Arriaran Clinical Hospital and diagnosed with ASD according to clinical criteria. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Second Version (ADOS-2) was used as a diagnostic complement. The prevalence of ASD was estimated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: 44 children had altered M-CHAT; 5 of them were clinically diagnosed with ASD. A 1.95% prevalence of ASD (95% CI 0.81-4.63) was obtained, with a sex distribution of 4 boys per 1 girl. Conclusions: This study is the first estimate of ASD prevalence in two communes of Santiago, Chile. A high prevalence of this condition was observed, which highlights the need for obtaining resources for an early multidisciplinary approach for these patients.