Browsing by Author "Marquet P.A."

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    A Review on Coastal Urban Ecology: Research Gaps, Challenges, and Needs
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Graells G.; Marquet P.A.; Pliscoff P.; Gelcich S.; Graells G.; Gelcich S.; Graells G.; Lagos N.A.; Gelcich S.; Nakamura N.; Celis-Diez J.L.; Lagos N.A.; Marquet P.A.
    © Copyright © 2021 Graells, Nakamura, Celis-Diez, Lagos, Marquet, Pliscoff and Gelcich.Coastal urban areas have dramatically increased during the last decades, however, coastal research integrating the impacts and challenges facing urban areas is still scarce. To examine research advances and critical gaps, a review of the literature on coastal urban ecology was performed. Articles were selected following a structured decision tree and data were classified into study disciplines, approaches, type of analysis, main research objectives, and Pickett's paradigms in-, of-, and for- the city, among other categories. From a total of 237 publications, results show that most of the research comes from the USA, China, and Australia, and has been carried out mostly in large cities with populations between 1 and 5 million people. Focus has been placed on ecological studies, spatial and quantitative analysis and pollution in coastal urban areas. Most of the studies on urban ecology in coastal zones were developed at nearshore terrestrial environments and only 22.36% included the marine ecosystem. Urban ecological studies in coastal areas have mainly been carried out under the paradigm in the city with a focus on the disciplines of biology and ecology. Results suggest a series of disciplinary, geographical, and approach biases which can present a number of risks. Foremost among these is a lack of knowledge on social dimensions which can impact on sustainability. A key risk relates to the fact that lessons and recommendations of research are mainly from developed countries and large cities which might have different institutional, planning and cultural settings compared to developing and mid-income countries. Scientific research on coastal urban areas needs to diversify toward an ecology of and for the cities, in order to support coastal development in a diversity of countries and settings.
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    A systematic evidence map of conservation knowledge in Chilean Patagonia
    (Blackwell Publishing Inc., 2022) Martinez-Harms M.J.; Gelcich S.; Nahuelhual L.; Martinez-Harms M.J.; Armesto J.J.; Castilla J.C.; Fernandez M.; Gelcich S.; Marquet P.A.; Pliscoff P.; Martinez-Harms M.J.; Armesto J.J.; Pliscoff P.; Castilla J.C.; Marquet P.A.; Astorga A.; Daneri G.; Reid B.; Aylwin J.; Buschmann A.H.; Castro V.; Daneri G.; Fuentes-Castillo T.; Pliscoff P.; Gelcich S.; Gonzalez H.E.; Hucke-Gaete R.; Gonzalez H.E.; Nahuelhual L.; Morello F.; Nahuelhual L.; Rozzi R.; Rozzi R.; Guala C.; Tecklin D.
    © 2021 The Authors. Conservation Science and Practice published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.Mechanisms that reliably and efficiently guide practitioners to find relevant evidence are urgent for conservation decision-making in Chilean Patagonia. The objective of this study was to systematically collect, characterize, and synthesize the extensive evidence about conservation knowledge in Chilean Patagonia focusing on the impacts of global change drivers on ecosystems and human–nature relationships, identifying knowledge gaps, and providing policy recommendations. The quality of the evidence was assessed through a predefined level-of-evidence hierarchy scale, applied to a sample of the studies reviewed. We compiled ~1000 studies documenting that evidence focusing on terrestrial and marine ecosystems has grown exponentially. For terrestrial ecosystems, most studies have addressed climate change, habitat change, and invasive species; while for marine ecosystems, studies have focused on pollution, invasive species, and habitat change. We identified that an important gap is the study of the social dimensions of conservation, and future efforts should focus on incorporating traditional and local knowledge as this can help point the way to ecosystem conservation. The appraisal of the quality of the evidence showed that ~80% of the sample represented reliable evidence with underlying data and an experimental design. Enhanced efforts to deliver this evidence to decision-makers in a user-friendly format for evidence uptake in conservation policy are urgent. In this review, we provide a tool that can help practitioners to find evidence reliably to improve decision-making for the conservation of ecosystems in Chilean Patagonia.
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    Conservation planning for people and nature in a Chilean biodiversity hotspot
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Martinez-Harms M.J.; Gelcich S.; Pliscoff P.; Martinez-Harms M.J.; Gelcich S.; Martinez-Harms M.J.; Wilson K.A.; Costa M.D.P.; Possingham H.P.; Costa M.D.P.; Marquet P.A.; Bryan B.A.; Possingham H.P.; Gelcich S.; Gelcich S.; Gelcich S.; Chauvenet A.; Pliscoff P.; Pliscoff P.
    © 2021 The Authors. People and Nature published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological SocietyThe Mediterranean-type climate region of Chile is a globally unique biodiversity hotspot but its protected area system does not adequately represent the biological diversity, nor does it provide equitable access to people. We explored options to expand the protected area system to cost-effectively improve the conservation of forest ecosystem types while simultaneously enhancing social accessibility to protected areas. Social accessibility is defined as the access of municipalities to cultural ecosystem services provided by protected areas which depends on distance to highly demanded protected areas and income of the municipalities. Using systematic conservation planning methods, we identified priority areas for extending the existing protected area system that: (a) minimise land acquisition cost, (b) maximise social accessibility and (c) optimise for both cost and accessibility. The results show that it is possible to improve social accessibility while simultaneously minimising land cost. Considering cost alone, the protected area system could be expanded to improve biodiversity conservation by 86% at the cost of $47 million USD, which would also increase the accessibility of protected areas by 12%. Accessibility can be increased by a further 18% by jointly considering cost and accessibility without compromising the cost or biodiversity performance. New private conservation policy developed in Chile could help offset the costs of conservation through novel public–private partnerships. Our results can provide specific guidance to policymakers to strategically identify new locations for protected areas which cost-effectively improve biodiversity conservation, while at the same time reducing inequality in social accessibility. The consideration of social access in reserve design could increase the success of protected areas as a conservation tool by bringing people closer to nature. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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    Inferring the impact of past climate changes and hunting on the South American sea lion
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Weinberger C.S.; Faugeron S.; Marquet P.A.; Vianna J.A.; Vianna J.A.; Marquet P.A.; Faugeron S.; Marquet P.A.
    © 2021 The Authors. Diversity and Distributions published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Aim: Many pinniped species have experienced drastic demographic changes due to their interaction with humans. Most studies, however, have failed to detect recent bottlenecks in otariids from genetic data. The South American Sea Lion Otaria flavescens have a long history of population changes associated with interglacial expansion and hunting to almost extinction. This study aimed at investigating these different demographic fluctuations integrating population genetics and phylogeographic approaches. Location: Pacific coast of South America. Methods: Eighty-five samples from the Chilean coast were collected. Eight microsatellite loci were genotyped, and D-Loop mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequenced. Genetic diversity was assessed, and tests of recent genetic bottlenecks were performed. Past demographic changes were inferred based on neutrality tests, adjustment of a sudden expansion model and Bayesian skyline plots. The magnitude and timing of the different population size changes were further investigated through approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) of coalescent inferences. Results: The mtDNA shows relatively high diversity (h = 0.98 and π = 0.01) compared to most otariids, corroborates the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic populations, around 80,000 years ago (ya), and revealed a secondary contact zone in the Magellan strait. Microsatellite data support a second genetic discontinuity at 40°S, associated with post-glacial colonization of Patagonia. ABC analyses confirmed that glaciation affected the effective population size (Ne) all along the Pacific Coast, between ~50,000 and 15,000 ya. A strong reduction of Ne was also inferred for the hunting period (73–66 ya from sampling). Main conclusions: O. flavescens shows clear signatures of susceptibility to climatic and anthropogenic disturbances and a spatial genetic structure that should be taken into account in the context of management and conservation policies. Yet, despite a recent history of demographic bottlenecks, the genetic diversity remains high, likely a consequence of the demographic dynamics in otariids, characterized by large and connected metapopulations.