Browsing by Author "Navarrete, Sergio A."

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    Aphrastura spinicauda change their reproductive strategy with altitude in the Andean temperate forest of South America
    (2015) Altamirano, Tomás A.; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Maza, Mariano de la; Navarrete, Sergio A.; Bonacic Salas, Cristian
    Elevational gradients have been proposed as a driver of change in avian reproductive lifehistory strategies. The eventual shorter breeding season and higher predation risk at highaltitudes can produce a decline in fecundity, a reduction of clutch sizes, and an increase inparental care and survival. We studied whether the breeding strategy of the Aphrasturaspinicauda varies along an elevation gradient in the Andean temperate forests of Chile. Weinstalled 240 nest-boxes between 260 and 1,115 m a.s.l., and monitored the breedingactivity of 162 nests over two seasons (2010-2011, 2011-2012). As predicted, the breedingseason was 28% and 55% shorter in highland forests during the two seasons. Timing of egglaying (1 egg every second day) and incubation period (average 15 days) did not vary withaltitude. We found smaller clutch sizes (average 4.1 vs. 4.5), a fewer number of nestlingsper clutch (average 3.5 vs. 4.2), and longer nestling period (22.2 vs. 21.6 days) in highlandthan lowland forests. The breeding success declined with altitude, mainly due to predationby the Dromiciops gliroides which was 83% in highland and 35% in lowland forests. Ourfindings suggest that Aphrastura spinicauda change their reproductive strategy alongaltitudinal gradients to a slower one, likely as an adaptation to shorter breeding seasons.Yet, these changes do not appear to compensate for the increased predation rates at higherelevations, questioning the potential adaptive significance of this strategy
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    Historias de vida en la cordillera: el rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) cambia su estrategia reproductiva en un gradiente altitudinal en el bosque templado andino
    (2014) Altamirano Oyarzún, Tomás Alberto; De la Maza, Mariano; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Navarrete, Sergio A.; Bonacic Salas, Cristian
    Los gradientes altitudinales han sido propuestos como impulsores de cambio en laestrategia reproductiva de las aves. Las características ambientales asociadas con zonas demayor altitud generalmente inducen un cambio hacia estrategias reproductivas “lentas”. Específicamente, la eventual temporada reproductiva más corta y el mayor riesgo dedepredación en zonas altas, pueden producir una declinación en la fecundidad, reducción enlos tamaños de puesta y un incremento en el cuidado parental y sobrevivencia. Estudiamos la estrategia reproductiva del Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) varía a lo largo de ungradiente altitudinal en el bosque templado andino de Chile. Instalamos 240 cajas-nidoentre los 260 y 1.115 m.s.n.m., y monitoreamos la actividad reproductiva en 162 nidosdurante dos temporadas reproductivas (2010-2011, 2011-2012). La temporada reproductivafue un 28% y un 55% más corta en bosques de zonas altas (> 700 m) durante las dostemporadas. El pulso de puesta (1 huevo cada dos días) y el periodo de incubación (15 días)no variaron con la altitud. El tamaño de puesta fue entre tres y cinco en bosques de zonasaltas y entre dos y siete en bosques de zonas bajas (< 700 m). El tamaño de puesta (4,1 vs.4,5) y el número de crías (promedio 3,5 vs. 4,2) fueron significativamente más pequeños, yel periodo de cría (22,2 vs. 21,6 días) fue significativamente más largo, en bosques dezonas altas más que en bosques de zonas bajas. El éxito reproductivo declinó con la altitud, principalmente debido a la depredación de nidos por el monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides). Un 83% de los nidos en bosques de zonas altas y 35% en bosques de zonas bajasfueron depredados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el rayadito cambia su estrategiareproductiva a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales, probablemente como adaptación atemporadas reproductivas más cortas
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    Integration of biophysical connectivity in the spatial optimization of coastal ecosystem services
    (ELSEVIER, 2020) Ospina Alvarez, Andres; de Juan, Silvia; Davis, Katrina J.; Gonzalez, Catherine; Fernandez, Miriam; Navarrete, Sergio A.
    Ecological connectivity in coastal oceanic waters is mediated by dispersion of the early life stages of marine organisms and conditions the structure of biological communities and the provision of ecosystem services. Integrated management strategies aimed at ensuring long-term service provision to society do not currently consider the importance of dispersal and larval connectivity. A spatial optimization model is introduced to maximise the potential provision of ecosystem services in coastal areas by accounting for the role of dispersal and larval connectivity. The approach combines a validated coastal circulation model that reproduces realistic patterns of larval transport along the coast, which ultimately conditions the biological connectivity and productivity of an area, with additional spatial layers describing potential ecosystem services. The spatial optimization exercise was tested along the coast of Central Chile, a highly productive area dominated by the Humboldt Current. Results show it is unnecessary to relocate existing management areas, as increasing no-take areas by 10% could maximise ecosystem service provision, while improving the spatial representativeness of protected areas and minimizing social conflicts. The location of protected areas was underrepresented in some sections of the study domain. principally due to the restriction of the model to rocky subtidal habitats. Future model developments should encompass the diversity of coastal ecosystems and human activities to inform integrative spatial management. Nevertheless, the spatial optimization model is innovative not only for its integrated ecosystem perspective, but also because it demonstrates that it is possible to incorporate time-varying biophysical connectivity within the optimization problem, thereby linking the dynamics of exploited populations produced by the spatial management regime. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Phenotypic variability in byssus thread production of intertidal mussels induced by predators with different feeding strategies
    (INTER-RESEARCH, 2008) Caro, Andres U.; Escobar, Joan; Bozinovic, Francisco; Navarrete, Sergio A.; Castilla, Juan Carlos
    Predator-induced defenses have a significant influence on the expression of morphological and behavioral traits of marine species. In mussels, common responses to predators include thickening of the shell, enlargement of the adductor muscle and increases in byssus production. We hypothesize that predators with different feeding strategies have different effects on byssus production of the common intertidal mussels Perumytilus purpuratus and Semimytilus algosus in central Chile, Predators that dislodge prey mussels before killing them, such as crabs and seastars, should elicit increased byssus production in their prey compared to other predators such as whelks, which use different feeding mechanisms. Laboratory experiments with the seastar Heliaster helianthus, the crab Acanthocylus gayi, and the muricid gastropods Concholepas concholepas and Acanthina monodon showed that: only A. gayi induced significant increases in byssus production, causing remarkably similar responses in both mussel species. Further experiments in which individual mussels with different: attachment strengths were offered to A. gayi showed that the crabs first tried different mussels and then selected those with the weakest attachment, leading to consumption rates of weakly attached mussels that were 5 to 6 times higher than those of mussels with strong attachment to the substratum. Measurements of mussel attachment: strengths in the field showed that, where A. gayi is abundant, both mussel species are more strongly attached than in habitats where this predator is scarce. While responses of mussels to crabs seem to be adaptive, the lack of a response to H. helianthus is intriguing, because it is one of the most important. mussel predators in the system which can dislodge entire Clumps Of Mussels at a time. It is possible that increased byssus production is ineffective in reducing predation by this large predator; however, this adaptive explanation requires further studies. These results highlight the predator-specific nature of many prey phenotypic responses and the importance of considering the multiplicity of predators typically present in most habitats.
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    Thermal tolerance of larval stages of the Chilean kelp crab Taliepus dentatus
    (INTER-RESEARCH, 2011) Storch, Daniela; Fernandez, Miriam; Navarrete, Sergio A.; Poertner, Hans Otto
    Physiological responses of larval stages can differ from those of the adults, affecting key ecological processes. Therefore, developing a mechanistic understanding of larval responses to environmental conditions is essential vis-a-vis climate change. We studied the thermal tolerance windows, defined by lower and upper pejus (Tp) and critical temperatures (Tc), of zoea I, II, and megalopa stages of the Chilean kelp crab Taliepus dentatus. Tp limits determine the temperature range where aerobic scope is maximal and functioning of the organism is unrestrained, and were estimated from direct observations of larval activity. Tc limits define the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, and were estimated from the relationship between standard metabolic rate and temperature. Zoea I showed the broadest, zoea II an intermediate, and megalopae the narrowest tolerance window (Tp). Optimum performance in megalopae was limited to Tp between 11 and 15 degrees C, while their Tc ranged between 7 and 19 degrees C. Although Tc may be seldom encountered by larvae, the narrower Tp temperatures can frequently expose larvae to unfavorable conditions that can drastically constrain their performance. Temperatures beyond the Tp range of megalopae have been observed in most spring and summer months in central Chile, and can have important consequences for larval swimming performance and impair their ability to avoid predators or settle successfully. Besides the well-documented effects of temperature on development time, variability in field temperatures beyond Tp can affect performance of particular larval stages, which could drive large-scale variability in recruitment and population dynamics of T. dentatus and possibly other invertebrate species.