Browsing by Author "Pacheco, Aryel"

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    Physical Violence and Social Tension in the Atacama Desert: Osteobiography of a Woman from the Tarapaca 40 Formative Period Cemetery
    (2024) Herrera-Soto, Maria Jose; Gonzalez-Ramirez, Andrea; Diaz, Pablo; Pacheco, Aryel; Retamal, Rodrigo; Saez, Arturo; Santana-Sagredo, Francisca; Uribe, Mauricio
    Physical violence and social conflict have been widely studied in the ancient societies of the Andes. However, studies about violence are scarce for the Formative period of northern Chile (1000 BC-AD 900). Evidence from these investigations is generally interpreted as interpersonal violence, whose protagonists are mostly men. Here, we present the case of an adult female recovered from the Tarapaca 40 cemetery (Tarapaca region, Chile) displaying lesions suggestive of trauma. We reconstruct her life and death in the context of this era's social and political conditions. Results of our bioanthropological characterization, cranial trauma analysis, carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and recording of the funerary offerings suggest she was a local member of the Formative community buried in the Tarapaca 40 cemetery and that she suffered intentional lethal lesions. Her death is unusual because there are no previous bioarchaeological records of lethal violence against women in the Tarapaca region. The osteobiography of this woman reflects a context characterized by an increase in inequality and social complexity, whereby physical violence could be used as a mechanism of internal regulation and exercise of power during the Formative period.
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    Religious Practice, Craft Specialization and Status: Towards the Understanding of the Social Role of the Hallucinogen Consumption in the Atacama Salt Flat, Northern Chile (500-1500 AD)
    (2021) Horta Tricallotis, Helena; Echeverria Morgado, Javier; Pena-Villalobos, Isaac; Quirgas, Alethia; Vidal, Alejandra; Faundes, Wilfredo; Pacheco, Aryel
    This work presents the results of a multidisciplinary research focused on the contextual study of the grave goods of six pre-Hispanic cemeteries of the San Pedro de Atacama oasis, Antofagasta Region, Chile. The main objective was to deepen the social and ritual aspects of the prehispanic religious system in Atacama (500-1500 AD), based on the archaeological evidence of the hallucinogenic paraphernalia to elucidate the identity of the individuals carrying it and verify the hypothesis about their status as members of the Atacamenian elite. Databases with the information transcribed from the Le Paige Notes for these cemeteries served as a basic instrument; from them, the statistical analysis was structured according to artifact categories that allowed us to establish correlations between the different components of the mortuary offerings, comparing those that included elements of the psychotropic equipment with those that lacked them. Thus, differences emerged in the management of certain goods that made up the "circle of materializing objects" of the Atacamenian elite. The foregoing raises the existence of different artisan specializations between ayllus and status diferences within this society, as well as the control of interregional exchange circuits by said elite.