Browsing by Author "Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco"
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- ItemCountry-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men(National Academy of Sciences, 2023) Zugman, Andrés; Alliende, Luz María; Medel Sierralta, Vicente Nicolás; Bethlehem, Richard A. I.; Seidlitz, Jakob; Ringlein, Grace; Arango, Celso; Arnatkeviciutė, Aurina; Asmal, Laila; Bellgrove, Mark; Benegal, Vivek; Bernardo, Miquel; Billeke, Pablo; Bosch-Bayard, Jorge; Bressan, Rodrigo; Busatto, Geraldo F.; Castro, Mariana N.; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany; Compte, Albert; Costanzi, Monise; Czepielewski, Leticia; Dazzan, Paola; Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo de la; Forti, Marta di; Díaz-Caneja, Covadonga M.; Díaz-Zuluaga, Ana María; Plessis, Stefan du; Duran, Fabio L. S.; Fittipaldi, Sol; Fornito, Alex; Freimer, Nelson B.; Gadelha, Ary; Gama, Clarissa S.; Garani, Ranjini; García-Rizo, Clemente; González Campo, Cecilia; González-Valderrama, Alfonso; Guinjoan, Salvador; Holla, Bharath; Ibáñez, Agustín; Jackowski, Andrea; Ivanovic, Daniza; León-Ortiz, Pablo; Lochner, Christine; López Jaramillo, Carlos; Luckhoff, Hilmar; Massuda, Raffael; McGuire, Philip; Miyata, Jun; Mizrahi, Romina; Murray, Robin; Ozerdem, Aysegul; Pan, Pedro M.; Parellada, Mara; Phahladira, Lebogan; Ramírez Mahaluf, Juan P.; Reckziegel, Ramiro; Marques Tiago Reis; Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco; Roos, Annerine; Rosa, Pedro; Salum, Giovanni; Scheffler, Freda; Schumann, Gunter; Serpa, Mauricio; Stein, Dan J.; Tepper, Angeles; Tiego, Jeggan; Ueno, Tsukasa; Undurraga, Juan; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Valdés-Sosa, Pedro; Valli, Isabel; Villarreal, Mirta; Winton-Brown, Toby T.; Yalin, Nefize; Zamorano, Francisco; Zanetti, Marcus V.; Veda, C.; Winkler, Anderson M.; Pine, Daniel S.; Evans-Lacko, Sara; Crossley Karmelic, Nicolas AndrésGender inequality across the world has been associated with a higher risk to mental health problems and lower academic achievement in women compared to men. We also know that the brain is shaped by nurturing and adverse socio-environmental experiences. Therefore, unequal exposure to harsher conditions for women compared to men in gender-unequal countries might be reflected in differences in their brain structure, and this could be the neural mechanism partly explaining women’s worse outcomes in gender-unequal countries. We examined this through a random-effects meta-analysis on cortical thickness and surface area differences between adult healthy men and women, including a meta-regression in which country-level gender inequality acted as an explanatory variable for the observed differences. A total of 139 samples from 29 different countries, totaling 7,876 MRI scans, were included. Thickness of the right hemisphere, and particularly the right caudal anterior cingulate, right medial orbitofrontal, and left lateral occipital cortex, presented no differences or even thicker regional cortices in women compared to men in gender-equal countries, reversing to thinner cortices in countries with greater gender inequality. These results point to the potentially hazardous effect of gender inequality on women’s brains and provide initial evidence for neuroscience-informed policies for gender equality.
- ItemDysconnectivity in Schizophrenia Revisited: Abnormal Temporal Organization of Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Patients With a First Episode of Psychosis(2023) Ramirez-Mahaluf, Juan P.; Tepper, Angeles; Maria Alliende, Luz; Mena, Carlos; Castaneda, Carmen Paz; Iruretagoyena, Barbara; Nachar, Ruben; Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco; Leon-Ortiz, Pablo; Mora-Duran, Ricardo; Ossandon, Tomas; Gonzalez-Valderrama, Alfonso; Undurraga, Juan; De la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo; Crossley, Nicolas A.Background and Hypothesis Abnormal functional connectivity between brain regions is a consistent finding in schizophrenia, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Recent studies have highlighted that connectivity changes in time in healthy subjects. We here examined the temporal changes in functional connectivity in patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP). Specifically, we analyzed the temporal order in which whole-brain organization states were visited. Study Design Two case-control studies, including in each sample a subgroup scanned a second time after treatment. Chilean sample included 79 patients with a FEP and 83 healthy controls. Mexican sample included 21 antipsychotic-naive FEP patients and 15 healthy controls. Characteristics of the temporal trajectories between whole-brain functional connectivity meta-states were examined via resting-state functional MRI using elements of network science. We compared the cohorts of cases and controls and explored their differences as well as potential associations with symptoms, cognition, and antipsychotic medication doses. Study Results We found that the temporal sequence in which patients' brain dynamics visited the different states was more redundant and segregated. Patients were less flexible than controls in changing their network in time from different configurations, and explored the whole landscape of possible states in a less efficient way. These changes were related to the dose of antipsychotics the patients were receiving. We replicated the relationship with antipsychotic medication in the antipsychotic-naive FEP sample scanned before and after treatment. Conclusions We conclude that psychosis is related to a temporal disorganization of the brain's dynamic functional connectivity, and this is associated with antipsychotic medication use.
- ItemEffects of socioeconomic status in cognition of people with schizophrenia: Results from a Latin American collaboration network with 1175 subjects(2021) Sanguinetti Czepielewski, Letícia; Alliende Serra, Luz María; Castañeda, Carmen Paz; Castro, Mariana; Guinjoan, Salvador M.; Massuda, Raffael; Berberian, Arthur A.; Fonseca, Ana Olivia; González-Valderrama A.; Gadelha, Ary; Bressan, Rodrigo; Crivelaro, Marisa; Louzã, Mario; Undurraga, Juan; González-Valderrama, Alfonso; López-Jaramillo, Carlos; Nieto, Rodrigo R.; Montes, Cristián; Silva, Henán; Langer, Álvaro I.; Valencia-Echeverry, Johanna; López-Jaramillo, Carlos; Solís-Vivanco, Rodolfo; Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco; Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo de la; Crossley, Nicolás A.; Gama, Clarissa S.Background Cognition heavily relies on social determinants and genetic background. Latin America comprises approximately 8% of the global population and faces unique challenges, many derived from specific demographic and socioeconomic variables, such as violence and inequality. While such factors have been described to influence mental health outcomes, no large-scale studies with Latin American population have been carried out. Therefore, we aim to describe the cognitive performance of a representative sample of Latin American individuals with schizophrenia and its relationship to clinical factors. Additionally, we aim to investigate how socioeconomic status (SES) relates to cognitive performance in patients and controls. Methods We included 1175 participants from five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico): 864 individuals with schizophrenia and 311 unaffected subjects. All participants were part of projects that included cognitive evaluation with MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and clinical assessments. Results Patients showed worse cognitive performance than controls across all domains. Age and diagnosis were independent predictors, indicating similar trajectories of cognitive aging for both patients and controls. The SES factors of education, parental education, and income were more related to cognition in patients than in controls. Cognition was also influenced by symptomatology. Conclusions Patients did not show evidence of accelerated cognitive aging; however, they were most impacted by a lower SES suggestive of deprived environment than controls. These findings highlight the vulnerability of cognitive capacity in individuals with psychosis in face of demographic and socioeconomic factors in low- and middle-income countries.
- ItemImaging social and environmental factors as modulators of brain dysfunction: time to focus on developing, non-Western societies(2019) Crossley Karmelic, Nicolas Andres; Alliende Serra, Luz Maria; Ossandón Valdés, Tomás; Castañeda, Carmen Paz; González-Valderrama, Alfonso; Undurraga, Juan; Castro, Mariana; Guinjoan, Salvador; Diaz-Zuluanga, Ana María; Pineda Zapata, Julian A.; Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos; Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco; De la fuente Sandoval, Camilo; León-Ortíz, Pablo; Sanguinetti Czepielewski, Leticia; Gama, Clarissa S.; Zugman, Andre; Gadelha, Ary; Jackowski, Andrea; Bressan, RodrigoSocial and environmental factors are known risk factors and modulators of mental health disorders. We here conducted a nonsystematic review of the neuroimaging literature studying the effects of poverty, urbanicity, and community violence, highlighting the opportunities of studying non-Western developing societies such as those in Latin America. Social and environmental factors in these communities are widespread and have a large magnitude, as well as an unequal distribution, providing a good opportunity for their characterization. Studying the effect of poverty in these settings could help to explore the brain effect of economic improvements, disentangle the effect of absolute and relative poverty, and characterize the modulating impact of poverty on the underlying biology of mental health disorders. Exploring urbanicity effects in highly unequal cities could help identify the specific factors that modulate this effect as well as examine a possible dose-response effect by studying megacities. Studying brain changes in those living among violence, which is particularly high in places such as Latin America, could help to characterize the interplay between brain predisposition and exposure to violence. Furthermore, exploring the brain in an adverse environment should shed light on the mechanisms underlying resilience. We finally provide examples of two methodological approaches that could contribute to this field, namely a big cohort study in the developing world and a consortium-based meta-analytic approach, and argue about the potential translational value of this research on the development of effective social policies and successful personalized medicine in disadvantaged societies.
- ItemStructural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia in adverse environments: Examining the effect of poverty and violence in six Latin American cities(2021) Crossley Karmelic, Nicolás Andrés; Zugman, Andre; Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco; Czepielewski, Leticia S.; Castro, Mariana N.; Díaz-Zuluaga, Ana M.; Pineda-Zapata, Julián A.; Reckziegel, Ramiro; Noto, Cristiano; Jackowski, Andrea; Alliende, Luz M.; Iruretagoyena, Bárbara; Ossandon, Tomás; Ramirez-Mahaluf, Juan P.; Castañeda, Carmen; González-Valderrama, Alfonso; Nachar, Rubén; León-Ortiz, Pablo; Undurraga, Juan; López-Jaramillo, Carlos; Guinjoan, Salvador; Gama, Clarissa; Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo de la; Bressan, RodrigoBackground: Social and environmental factors such as poverty or violence modulate the risk and course of schizophrenia. However, how they affect the brain in patients with psychosis remains unclear. Aims: We studied how environmental factors are related to brain structure in patients with schizophrenia and controls in Latin America, where these factors are large and unequally distributed. Method: This is a multicentre study of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with schizophrenia andcontrols fromsixLatinAmerican cities. Total and voxel-level grey matter volumes, and their relationship with neighbourhood characteristics such as average income and homicide rates, were analysed with a general linear model. Results: Atotal of 334 patients with schizophrenia and 262 controls were included. Income was differentially related to total grey matter volume in both groups (P=0.006). Controls showed a positive correlation between total grey matter volume and The risk of developing schizophrenia is modulated, among other factors, by the social and environmental context of where people live. Incidence rates of psychosis are different across countries,1 possibly reflecting variations in the environment. Proposed specific factors explaining this effect have included an urban upbringing,2 poverty3 and the neighbourhood crime rate.4 Where people live has also been related to recovery rates of schizophrenia, in the context of whether it is a low- or high-income country5 or experiencing periods of economic expansion or recession.6 Brain imaging studies have shown that many of these environmental factors are related to brain changes in healthy individuals. For example, young people raised in poverty in high-income countries show reductions in total brain grey matter.7 Exposure to childhood adversity and violence has also been related to differences in hippocampal and amygdala volumes.8 An unresolved question relates to how these environmental factors affect the biology of schizophrenia. Couldbraindifferences typically seen in patients with schizophrenia be accounted for by these environmental factors? How will the neuropathology of schizophrenia interact with brain changes related to the environment? Is there a double-hit situation, where * Joint last authors. 112 income(R=0.14, P=0.02). Surprisingly, this relationship was not present in patients with schizophrenia (R=−0.076, P=0.17). Voxel-level analysis confirmed that this interaction was widespread across the cortex. After adjusting for global brain changes, income was positively related to prefrontal cortex volumes only in controls. Conversely, the hippocampus in patients with schizophrenia, but not in controls, was relatively larger in affluent environments. There was no significant correlation between environmental violence and brain structure.