Browsing by Author "Schulz, Carsten-Andreas"

Now showing 1 - 11 of 11
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Chile as a Transpacific Bridge: Brokerage and Social Capital in the Pacific Basin
    (2022) Schulz, Carsten-Andreas; Rojas-De-Galarreta, Federico
    The idea of Chile as a 'bridge country' that connects - or should connect - Latin America with the Asia-Pacific region has guided its commercial diplomacy since the early 1990s. We argue that this geopolitical vision corresponds closely with what network analysts describe as a 'broker': an actor that bridges 'structural holes' by connecting otherwise disconnected actors or groups of actors. As a relational approach, social network analysis provides an alternative way of thinking about Chile's position in international relations that does not rely on preconceived groupings or rank orders based on country attributes, as in the case of 'middle powers' and 'small states.' Further, the approach allows us to empirically explore which countries of the Pacific Basin currently perform such a role and whether (and when) Chile conforms to the theoretical expectations of a 'transpacific broker.' Using network data on commercial agreements (1980-2018), we trace Chile's emergence as a transpacific broker and discuss how its commercial diplomacy provided the country with leverage in this regard. In doing so, the study sheds light on the opportunities and limitations of peripheral actors seeking to gain social capital through networks of relations.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Diffusion, decoupling and inertia in regional economic organizations
    (2021) Rojas de-Galarreta, Federico; Schulz, Carsten-Andreas; Malamud, Andrés; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Ciencia Política
    El regionalismo se mueve en olas, pero algunas dimensiones de la integración regional, como la delegación de autoridad, parecen aumentar sin importar las condiciones. Las teorías estándar de la integración europea no tienen una explicación para este fenómeno, la mayoría de los casos no se ajustan a sus expectativas teóricas. Mi tesis investiga la creciente tendencia a la delegación de autoridad en las Organizaciones Económicas Regionales (REOs) a lo largo de las últimas cuatro décadas y aborda la cuestión de por qué algunas REOs adoptan altos niveles de delegación a pesar de no tener ninguna necesidad funcional ni incentivo material para hacerlo. Mi argumento se basa en elementos del institucionalismo sociológico e histórico. Sostengo que la alta delegación en este conjunto de casos "desviados" se explica por una secuencia de difusión de diseño institucional por mímica, desacoplamiento e inercia institucional. Primero, afirmo que los niveles de delegación en estos casos pueden explicarse por la presencia de una difusión del diseño institucional por mímica, en la que las características se importan sólo bajo una lógica formal. A continuación, sostengo que la mímica conduce a desacoplamientos, es decir, a la desvinculación de las características importadas de su posterior aplicación. Por último, mantengo que esta secuencia genera una dinámica path-dependent de inercia institucional. En otras palabras, afirmo que parte de esta tendencia creciente a la delegación de autoridad es un artefacto de las normas formales. Por lo tanto, esta tesis ofrece un enfoque analítico alternativo al ir más allá de los incentivos materiales y funcionales. Esta tesis sigue una estrategia multi-método, con dos etapas anidadas. En primer lugar, realizo un análisis cuantitativo de los determinantes de la integración vertical, es decir, la delegación, y la puesta en común (pooling) de la autoridad. Luego, para probar la plausibilidad de mi argumento, analizo la adopción de órganos parlamentarios y judiciales en los casos del Mercosur y la Comunidad Andina. Este estudio demuestra que las teorías de la integración europea no logran explicar estas características institucionales, mientras que la difusión sí tiene algo que decir. También muestra que el argumento que expongo, basado en elementos del institucionalismo sociológico e histórico, es plausible y puede ofrecer una explicación para un conjunto de casos empíricos y teóricamente relevantes dentro de la literatura del regionalismo comparado.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Madame President, Madame Ambassador? Women Presidents and Gender Parity in Latin America's Diplomatic Services
    (2022) Erlandsen, Matthias; Hernandez-Garza, Maria Fernanda; Schulz, Carsten-Andreas
    This study focuses on the gendered nature of ambassadorial appointments. Analyzing the diplomatic services of ten Latin American countries between 2000 and 2018, we examine the factors that explain the designation of women to ambassadorships. More especially, we are interested in whether the election of women to the presidency in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Costa Rica had an impact on the gender gap at the top of those countries' foreign services. Drawing on an original dataset on diplomatic appointments, we show that the presence of women ambassadors has increased only marginally over the past two decades. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis demonstrates that women presidents on the left have (partially and temporarily) corrected the gender gap in their foreign services through political appointments, provided they had the discretionary powers to do so. Our findings suggest that the impact of women-led presidencies is conditional on the chief executive's vested interest in gender parity and the scope of presidents' prerogatives to appoint ambassadors. In so doing, the study contributes to debates on the descriptive underrepresentation of women in executive positions and the gender gap in diplomacy.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Regional patterns of multilateral treaty cooperation: Is there a Latin American 'commitment gap'?
    (2023) Schulz, Carsten-Andreas; Levick, Laura
    Latin American states have long been active participants in multilateral treaty making. However, the rich history of Latin American legal activism contrasts with debates about the degree to which these states commit to international agreements. We probe the existence of this purported 'commitment gap' by analyzing the signing and ratification of multilateral treaties. Are Latin American states less likely to ratify agreements they have signed than states from other world regions? Using survival analysis of an original dataset on multilateral treaties deposited with the UN Secretary-General, we find no difference between Latin America and North America/Europe in terms of ratification. If a commitment gap exists, it appears to be more evident in other regions, particularly East Asia, Africa, and the Anglo-Caribbean. To the extent that there is a 'commitment gap' at the regional level in Latin America, it is unlikely to be due to country-level factors such as domestic institutions.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Republican internationalism: the nineteenth-century roots of Latin American contributions to international order
    (2022) Long, Tom; Schulz, Carsten-Andreas
    Although Latin America plays a minimal role in debates on the 'liberal international order', scholars recognize the region's influence on international law, norms, and institutions. We contend that these Latin American contributions to international order spring from a tradition of 'republican internationalism', rooted in the region's domestic political traditions and practices. Republican principles such as the separation of power, association, and the rule of law had important corollaries in Latin American international relations, including sovereign equality, confederation and regional cooperation, and international law and arbitration. These republican internationalist ideas shaped Latin America's diplomatic traditions and its contributions to international order in the nineteenth century and beyond. Attention to republican internationalism and Latin American contributions demonstrates how actors beyond the North Atlantic shaped the origins of international order. This study also advances debates on the sources of the liberal international order by demonstrating the distinctive influence of republican ideas and practices.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Setting the regional agenda : a critique of posthegemonic regionalism
    (2018) Petersen, Mark; Schulz, Carsten-Andreas
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item