Browsing by Author "Sternberg, Robert J."

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    An Historical Causal-Chain Theory of Conceptions of Intelligence
    (2023) Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel; Karami, Sareh
    Lurking behind every conception of intelligence—whether an implicit (folk) or explicit (expert-generated) conception—is an underlying theory of meaning that specifies the form the theory of intelligence does and, indeed, can take. These underlying theories of meaning become presuppositions for the conception’s form. The theories of meaning have different origins—for example, psycholinguistic, philosophical, and anthropological. This essay reviews the different underlying theories of meaning and proposes a new historical causal-chain theory of conceptions of intelligence. The underlying theories of meaning affect the flexibility and modifiability of laypersons’ (implicit) and experts’ (explicit) conceptions of intelligence. As a result, these historical causal chains have profound but largely invisible effects on societies.
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    Conclusion: Intelligence Does Not Inhere Within the Individual but Rather in Person x Task x Situation Interactions
    (Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022) Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel
    Historically, intelligence has been viewed as a trait—a characteristic of a person that is at least partially heritable and that is relatively stable, relative to other persons, throughout a lifetime. Sternberg (2021a) has questioned this view and suggested instead that intelligence is not an inherent trait but rather a person x task x situation interaction.
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    Intelligence in Context: The Cultural and Historical Foundations of Human Intelligence
    (Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022) Berry, John W.; Chiu, Chi-yue; Chan, Hiu-sze; Lee, Sau-lai; Tong, Jennifer Yuk-Yue; Kaufman, Alan S.; Choi, Dowon; Kapoor, Hansika; Kaufman, James C.; Gigerenzer, Gerd; Yang, Shih-ying; Chang, Kimberly Y. H.; Huang, Shin-yi; Fontaine, Johnny R. J.; Poortinga, Ype H.; Yee Ng, Kok; Ang, Soon; Rockstuhl, Tomas; Tan, Mei; Grigorenko, Elena L.; Furnham, Adrián; Hambrick, David Z.; Bian, Lin; Suzuki, Lisa; Caso, Taymy Josefa; Yucel, Aysegul; Ceci, Stephen J.; Williams, Wendy M.; Preiss, David D.; Sternberg, Robert J.; Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel
    This book reflects on the various ways in which intelligence can manifest itself in the wide range of diverse contexts in which people live. Intelligence is often viewed as being tantamount to a score or set of scores on a decontextualized standardized intelligence test. But intelligence always acts within a sociocultural context. Indeed, early theorists defined intelligence in terms of adaptation to the environment in which one lives. The tradition of decontextualization is old, dating back to the very beginning of the 20th century with the development of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scales. This tradition is not only old, however, but obsolete. Because people live in different sociocultural as well as physical environments, intelligence can take somewhat different forms in different places and even at different times. The chapters in this edited volume show that intelligence viewed in the abstract is a somewhat vacuous concept - it needs to be contextualized in terms of people’s physical and sociocultural surroundings.
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    Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries
    (2023) Sorokowski, Piotr; Kowal, Marta; Sternberg, Robert J.; Aavik, Toivo; Akello, Grace; Alhabahba, Mohammad Madallh; Alm, Charlotte; Amjad, Naumana; Anjum, Afifa; Asao, Kelly; Atama, Chiemezie S.; Duyar, Derya Atamturk; Ayebare, Richard; Conroy-Beam, Daniel; Bendixen, Mons; Bensafia, Aicha; Bizumic, Boris; Boussena, Mahmoud; Buss, David M.; Butovskaya, Marina; Can, Seda; Carrier, Antonin; Cetinkaya, Hakan; Croy, Ilona; Cueto, Rosa Maria; Czub, Marcin; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Duyar, Izzet; Ertugrul, Berna; Espinosa, Agustin; Estevan, Ignacio; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Garduno, Jorge Contreras; Gonzalez, Karina Ugalde; Guemaz, Farida; Halamova, Maria; Herak, Iskra; Horvat, Marina; Hromatko, Ivana; Hui, Chin-Ming; Jaafar, Jas Laile; Jiang, Feng; Kafetsios, Konstantinos; Kavcic, Tina; Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen; Kervyn, Nicolas; Ha, Truong Thi Khanh; Khilji, Imran Ahmed; Kobis, Nils C.; Kostic, Aleksandra; Lan, Hoang Moc; Lang, Andras; Lennard, Georgina R.; Leon, Ernesto; Lindholm, Torun; Linh, Trinh Thi; Lopez, Giulia; Van Luot, Nguyen; Mailhos, Alvaro; Manesi, Zoi; Martinez, Rocio; McKerchar, Sarah L.; Mesko, Norbert; Pejicic, Marija; Misra, Girishwar; Monaghan, Conal; Mora, Emanuel C.; Moya-Garofano, Alba; Musil, Bojan; Natividade, Jean Carlos; Nizharadze, George; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian; Onyishi, Ike E.; Ozener, Baris; Pagani, Ariela Francesca; Pakalniskiene, Vilmante; Parise, Miriam; Pazhoohi, Farid; Pisanski, Annette; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Ponciano, Edna; Popa, Camelia; Prokop, Pavol; Rizwan, Muhammad; Sainz, Mario; Salkicevic, Svjetlana; Sargautyte, Ruta; Sarmany-Schuller, Ivan; Schmehl, Susanne; Shahid, Anam; Sharad, Shivantika; Siddiqui, Razi Sultan; Simonetti, Franco; Tadinac, Meri; Vauclair, Christin-Melanie; Vega, Luis Diego; Walter, Kathryn V.; Widarini, Dwi Ajeng; Yoo, Gyesook; Zatkova, Marta; Zupancic, Maja; Sorokowska, Agnieszka
    Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries' modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.
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    Preface
    (Taylor and Francis, 2013) Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel
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    Universality of the Triangular Theory of Love: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Triangular Love Scale in 25 Countries
    (2021) Sorokowski, Piotr; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Karwowski, Maciej; Groyecka, Agata; Aavik, Toivo; Akello, Grace; Alm, Charlotte; Amjad, Naumana; Anjum, Afifa; Asao, Kelly; Atama, Chiemezie S.; Duyar, Derya Atamturk; Ayebare, Richard; Batres, Carlota; Bendixen, Mons; Bensafia, Aicha; Bizumic, Boris; Boussena, Mahmoud; Buss, David M.; Butovskaya, Marina; Can, Seda; Cantarero, Katarzyna; Carrier, Antonin; Cetinkaya, Hakan; Chabin, Dominika; Conroy-Beam, Daniel; Croy, Ilona; Cueto, Rosa Maria; Czub, Marcin; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Duyar, Izzet; Ertugrul, Berna; Espinosa, Agustin; Estevan, Ignacio; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Graduno, Jorge Contreras; Guemaz, Farida; Ha Thu, Tran; Halamova, Maria; Herak, Iskra; Horvat, Marina; Hromatko, Ivana; Hui, Chin-Ming; Jaafar, Jas Laile; Jiang, Feng; Kafetsios, Konstantinos; Kavcic, Tina; Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen; Kervyn, Nicolas; Kobis, Nils C.; Kostic, Aleksandra; Krasnodebska, Anna; Lang, Andras; Lennard, Georgina R.; Leon, Ernesto; Lindholm, Torun; Lopez, Gulia; Alhabahba, Mohammad Madallh; Mailhos, Alvaro; Manesi, Zoi; Martinez, Rocio; Martinez, Mario Sainz; McKerchar, Sarah L.; Mesko, Norbert; Misra, Girishwar; Monaghan, Conal; Mora, Emanuel C.; Moya-Garofano, Alba; Musil, Bojan; Natividade, Jean Carlos; Nizharadze, George; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Fauzee, Mohd Sofian Omar; Onyishi, Ike E.; Ozener, Baris; Pagani, Ariela Francesca; Pakalniskiene, Vilmante; Parise, Miriam; Pawlowski, Boguslaw; Pazhoohi, Farid; Pejicic, Marija; Pisanski, Annette; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Plohl, Nejc; Ponciano, Edna; Popa, Camelia; Prokop, Pavol; Przepiorka, Aneta; Lam, Truong Quang; Rizwan, Muhammad; Rozycka-Tran, Joanna; Salkicevic, Svjetlana; Sargautyte, Ruta; Sarmany-Schuller, Ivan; Schmehl, Susanne; Shahid, Anam; Shaikh, Rizwana; Sharad, Shivantika; Simonetti, Franco; Tadinac, Meri; Ha, Truong Thi Khanh; Gonzalez, Karina Ugalde; Vauclair, Christin-Melanie; Vega, Luis Diego; Widarini, Dwi Ajeng; Wojciszke, Bogdan; Yoo, Gyesook; Zadeh, Zainab Fotowwat; Zatkova, Marta; Zupancic, Maja; Sternberg, Robert J.
    The Triangular Theory of Love (measured with Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale - STLS) is a prominent theoretical concept in empirical research on love. To expand the culturally homogeneous body of previous psychometric research regarding the STLS, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural study with the use of this scale. In total, we examined more than 11,000 respondents, but as a result of applied exclusion criteria, the final analyses were based on a sample of 7332 participants from 25 countries (from all inhabited continents). We tested configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance, all of which confirmed the cultural universality of the theoretical construct of love analyzed in our study. We also observed that levels of love components differ depending on relationship duration, following the dynamics suggested in the Triangular Theory of Love. Supplementary files with all our data, including results on love intensity across different countries along with STLS versions adapted in a few dozen languages, will further enable more extensive research on the Triangular Theory of Love.