Browsing by Author "Sternberg, Robert J."

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    An Historical Causal-Chain Theory of Conceptions of Intelligence
    (2023) Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel; Karami, Sareh
    Lurking behind every conception of intelligence—whether an implicit (folk) or explicit (expert-generated) conception—is an underlying theory of meaning that specifies the form the theory of intelligence does and, indeed, can take. These underlying theories of meaning become presuppositions for the conception’s form. The theories of meaning have different origins—for example, psycholinguistic, philosophical, and anthropological. This essay reviews the different underlying theories of meaning and proposes a new historical causal-chain theory of conceptions of intelligence. The underlying theories of meaning affect the flexibility and modifiability of laypersons’ (implicit) and experts’ (explicit) conceptions of intelligence. As a result, these historical causal chains have profound but largely invisible effects on societies.
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    Conclusion: Intelligence Does Not Inhere Within the Individual but Rather in Person x Task x Situation Interactions
    (Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022) Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel
    Historically, intelligence has been viewed as a trait—a characteristic of a person that is at least partially heritable and that is relatively stable, relative to other persons, throughout a lifetime. Sternberg (2021a) has questioned this view and suggested instead that intelligence is not an inherent trait but rather a person x task x situation interaction.
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    Intelligence in Context: The Cultural and Historical Foundations of Human Intelligence
    (Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022) Berry, John W.; Chiu, Chi-yue; Chan, Hiu-sze; Lee, Sau-lai; Tong, Jennifer Yuk-Yue; Kaufman, Alan S.; Choi, Dowon; Kapoor, Hansika; Kaufman, James C.; Gigerenzer, Gerd; Yang, Shih-ying; Chang, Kimberly Y. H.; Huang, Shin-yi; Fontaine, Johnny R. J.; Poortinga, Ype H.; Yee Ng, Kok; Ang, Soon; Rockstuhl, Tomas; Tan, Mei; Grigorenko, Elena L.; Furnham, Adrián; Hambrick, David Z.; Bian, Lin; Suzuki, Lisa; Caso, Taymy Josefa; Yucel, Aysegul; Ceci, Stephen J.; Williams, Wendy M.; Preiss, David D.; Sternberg, Robert J.; Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel
    This book reflects on the various ways in which intelligence can manifest itself in the wide range of diverse contexts in which people live. Intelligence is often viewed as being tantamount to a score or set of scores on a decontextualized standardized intelligence test. But intelligence always acts within a sociocultural context. Indeed, early theorists defined intelligence in terms of adaptation to the environment in which one lives. The tradition of decontextualization is old, dating back to the very beginning of the 20th century with the development of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scales. This tradition is not only old, however, but obsolete. Because people live in different sociocultural as well as physical environments, intelligence can take somewhat different forms in different places and even at different times. The chapters in this edited volume show that intelligence viewed in the abstract is a somewhat vacuous concept - it needs to be contextualized in terms of people’s physical and sociocultural surroundings.
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    Preface
    (Taylor and Francis, 2013) Sternberg, Robert J.; Preiss Contreras, David Daniel