Browsing by Author "Zitko, Pedro"

Now showing 1 - 12 of 12
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Association Between Adolescent Suicide and Sociodemographic Factors in Chile Cross-Sectional Ecological Study
    (HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS, 2015) Cuadrado, Cristobal; Zitko, Pedro; Covarrubias, Trinidad; Hernandez, Dunia; Sade, Cristina; Klein, Carolina; Gomez, Alejandro
    Background: Adolescent suicide rates (ASR) are a matter of concern worldwide. Causes of this trend are not understood and could correspond to socioeconomic factors such as inequality. Aim: To investigate sociodemographic variables related to ASR, particularly the potential association with indicators of socioeconomic inequality. Method: Cross-sectional ecological study analyzing data from 29 health districts with univariate and multivariable multilevel Poisson models. Results: ASR were higher in male adolescents and at increasing age. No association was found between ASR and inequality (Gini coefficient and 20/20 ratio). Analysis revealed that living in a single-parent family is associated with ASR. Conclusions: The usual demographic patterns of adolescent suicide apply in Chile. An emerging variable of interest is single-parent family. No cross-sectional association between social inequality and ASR was found based on conflicting evidence. These results should be explored in future prospective population studies to further understand associated social factors.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Caracterización del metabolismo óseo mineral en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur, Santiago de Chile
    (2015) Ruiz de Arechavaleta, Andrea; Quintero, Nerio; Parra, E. U., Daniela; Jara Contreras, Aquiles; Russo, Moises; Zitko, Pedro; Pefaur, Jacqueline
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    ¿Cómo se ha medido la posición social en investigación en salud? Una revisión de la literatura internacional
    (2011) Cabieses Valdez, Báltica Beatriz; Zitko, Pedro; Pinedo, R.; Espinoza, M.; Albor, C.
    Social status (SS) is a multidimensional variable that is used widely in health research. There is no single optimal method for estimating social status. Rather, in each case the measurement may vary depending on the research subject, the base theory considered, the population of interest, the event of interest and, in some cases, the available information. This literature review develops the following topics related to SS measurement, based on the international scientific sources available electronically: i) identification of the role of SS in the context of social epidemiology research, ii) description of the principal indicators and methodological approaches used to measure SS in health research, and iii) analysis of the distinct difficulties of SS measurement in specific populations such as ethnic groups, women, children, the elderly, and in rural vs. urban contexts. The review finally makes it possible to describe some of the implications of SS measurement in Latin American countries.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Determinants of access to health care for depression in 49 countries: A multilevel analysis
    (2018) Araya, Ricardo; Zitko, Pedro; Markkula, Niina; Rai, Dheeraj; Jones, Kelvyn
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    First 'training in clinical research methodologies in Chile' (EMIC-Chile). Psychoeducational foundations
    (2010) Cabieses Valdez, Báltica Beatriz; Espinoza, M.; Pedreros, C.; Zitko, Pedro; Cerda, J.; Bambs S., Claudia
    EMIC-Chile ("Entrenamiento en Metodologías para la Investigación Clínica en Chile") is an academic project developed in Chile during 2008 to train health professionals in clinical research. The purpose of this initiative was to improve the quality of rese
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Implementing a Community Model of Mental Health Care in Chile: Impact on Psychiatric Emergency Visits
    (2017) Zitko, Pedro; Ramírez, J.; Markkula, N.; Norambuena, P.; Ortiz, A.; Sepúlveda, R.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Influence of school-related factors on smoking among Chilean adolescents: a cross-sectional multilevel study
    (2018) Gaete, Jorge.; Ortúzar, Catalina.; Zitko, Pedro; Montgomery, Alan.; Araya, Ricardo.
    Abstract Background Adolescent tobacco smoking is a major health concern in Chile. Schools may be able to influence adolescent behaviour regarding smoking; however, this topic has received limited research attention in Latin-American countries. Moreover, the prevalence of cigarette smoking varies between schools, and some of this variability may be explained by school factors. This article examines the inter-school variability in student smoking in a large sample of Chilean schools and identifies the school- and student-level characteristics associated with cigarette smoking. Methods This cross-sectional study used self-reported student-level data from 45,273 students from 1462 schools and official data from these schools provided by the Chilean Ministry of Education (2007). Student smoking behaviour was used as an outcome, and individual-level and school-level features were used as explanatory variables. Logistic multilevel modelling was used to analyse the data. Results The mean prevalence of smoking in the 1462 schools was 39.9 %. The null model indicated that 8 % of the variance in smoking behaviour was explained by schools; and in the final model, controlled by individual- and school-level variables, the variance explained by schools dropped to 2.4 %. The main school-level variables explaining the school influence were school bonding, school truancy and school achievement. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the extent to which student smoking varies between Chilean schools and to identify some of the school factors associated with this inter-school variability. Although most variation in smoking prevalence lies between students within schools, there is sufficient between-school variation to be of interest to educators and policy makers.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Lobectomía en ratas. modelo quirúrgico experimental. Resultados en la densidad Alveolar
    (2014) Martínez M., Mónica; Velázquez, Nelson; Flores A., Emilio; Navarrete Hederra, Andrés; Zúñiga H., Felipe; Zitko, Pedro; García Bruce, Cristián Jorge; González Bombardiere, Sergio; Zúñiga Rocha, Sergio
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Prevalence, burden of disease, and lost in health state utilities attributable to chronic musculoskeletal disorders and pain in Chile
    (2021) Zitko, Pedro; Bilbeny Lojo, Norberto; Balmaceda, Carlos; Abbott, Tomás; Cárcamo Quezada, César; Espinoza Sepúlveda, Manuel Antonio
    Abstract Background Musculoskeletal disorders are a leading cause of disability adjusted life years (DALY) in the world. We aim to describe the prevalence and to compare the DALYs and loss of health state utilities (LHSU) attributable to common musculoskeletal disorders in Chile. Methods We used data from the Chilean National Health Survey carried out in 2016–2017. Six musculoskeletal disorders were detected through the COPCOPRD questionnaire: chronic musculoskeletal pain, chronic low back pain, chronic shoulder pain, osteoarthritis of hip and knee, and fibromyalgia. We calculated the DALY for each disorder for 18 sex and age strata, and LHSU following an individual and population level approaches. We also calculated the fraction of LHSU attributable to pain. Results Chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder affects a fifth of the adult population, with a significant difference between sexes. Among specific musculoskeletal disorders highlights chronic low back pain with the highest prevalence. Musculoskeletal disorders are a significant cause of LHSU at the individual level, especially in the case of fibromyalgia. Chronic musculoskeletal pain caused 503,919 [283,940 - 815,132] DALYs in 2017, and roughly two hundred thousand LSHU at population level, which represents 9.7% [8.8–10.6] of the total LSHU occurred in that year. Discrepancy in the burden of musculoskeletal disorders was observed according to DALY or LSHU estimation. The pain and discomfort domain of LHSU accounted for around half of total LHSU in people with musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major source of burden and LHSU. Fibromyalgia should deserve more attention in future studies. Using the attributable fraction offers a straightforward and flexible way to explore the burden of musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Prevalence, trends, correlates and treatment of depression in Chile in 2003 to 2010.
    (2017) Markkula, Niina; Zitko, Pedro; Peña, Sebastián; Margozzini Maira, Paula; Retamal C., Pedro
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Priority setting for mental health research in Chile
    (2017) Zitko, Pedro; Borghero, Francesca.; Zavala Gaete, Cynthia; Markkula, Niina.; Santelices, Emilio.; Libuy, Nicolás.; Pemjean, Alfredo.
    Abstract Background Scientific knowledge is a fundamental tool for making informed health policy decisions, but the link between health research and public policy decision-making is often missing. This study aims to identify and prioritize a national set of research gaps in mental health. Methods A multi-approach method to identify gaps in knowledge was developed, including (1) document analysis and identification of possible research questions, (2) interviews to Ministry of Health key informants, (3) focus groups with different stakeholders, and (4) a web consultation addressed to academics. The identified gaps were translated to a standardized format of research questions. Criteria for prioritization were extracted from interviews and focus groups. Then, a team of various professionals applied them for scoring each question research. Findings Fifty-four people participated in the knowledge gaps identification process through an online consultation (n = 23) and focus groups (n = 18). Prioritization criteria identified were: extent of the knowledge gap, size of the objective population, potential benefit, vulnerability, urgency and applicability. 155 research questions were prioritized, of which 44% were related to evaluation of systems and/or health programs, and 26% to evaluation of interventions, including questions related to cost-effectiveness. 30% of the research questions came from the online consultation, and 36% from key informants. Users groups contributed with 10% of total research questions. Conclusion A final priority setting for mental health research was reached, making available for authorities and research agencies a list of 155 research questions ordered by relevance. The experience documented here could serve to other countries interested in developing a similar process.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item