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A Call for Biomonitoring Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: Considerations for Potentially Toxic Metals/ Metalloids
(Ubiquity Press, 2022) Tamayo-Ortiz, Marcela; Riojas-Rodríguez, Horacio; Téllez-Rojo, Marta M.; Boischio, Ana; Mañay, Nelly; Menezes-Filho, José Antonio; Queirolo, Elena I.; Cortés Arancibia, Sandra Isabel; Kordas, Katarzyna; CEDEUS (Chile)
The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region makes up 8.4% of the world’s population. Human biomonitoring (HBM) programs, which can shed light on populationlevel exposure to environmental contaminants such as toxic metals and thus, improve the health of the populations are inexistent in LAC countries. We call for the creation of HBM programs in the region and identify three viable design options for HBM at the individual level, through national surveys, newborn blood collection, and biobanks. We highlight some of challenges to the implementation of HBM programs, including financial and human resources, technical constrains (laboratory), sample, and data logistics. Finally, we provide the case studies of Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay, to illustrate a range of responses to toxic metal exposure in non-occupational populations. Although different in many respects, the individual country responses share two commonalities: 1) academic centers drive the research to raise awareness of governmental entities; 2) reference levels are adapted from international norms rather than arising from the studied populations. Well-designed and sufficiently funded biomonitoring systems need to be established in each country of the LAC region. HBM programs are key to promoting human health by informing the public and contributing to policy processes that establish sustainable environmental controls and health prevention programs.
A comparison of bus passengers' and car drivers' valuation of casualty risk reductions in their routes
(2019) Flugel, Stefan; Veisten, Knut; Rizzi Campanella, Luis Ignacio; Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios; Elvik, Rune; CEDEUS (Chile)
A greener urban environment: designing green infrastructure interventions to promote citizens’ subjective wellbeing
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Navarrete-Hernández, Pablo; Laffan, Kate; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Estudios Urbanos
Research using subjective wellbeing (SWB) measures finds that the greener an individual's local environment is, the higher the levels of happiness and the lower levels of stress they tend to report experiencing. This literature presents positive associations between existing large-scale green spaces, such as urban parks or squares, and the wellbeing of residents living in close proximity to them. In contrast, in the current work, we present a novel approach which combines SWB measures with photo simulation in order to examine the impact of street-level green infrastructure interventions on the people's perceptions of the SWB associated with urban sites. We tested the approach with the attendees of the 20th Biennale on Architecture and Urbanism in Chile in 2017, exploring the impact of four different types of street-level green interventions. The results indicate that all types of green interventions considered significantly increase the perceived happiness and reduce the perceived stress associated with the sites during short exposures, with varying effect sizes across different types and scales of interventions. The proposed technique could be used in urban planning processes to examine the potential SWB benefits of green infrastructure investments prior to their being rolled out.
A preliminary study on aflatoxin exposure by urine biomonitoring in Chile
(2022) Foerster, Claudia; Monsalve, Liliam; Maldonado, Carlos; Cortés Arancibia, Sandra; Ferreccio, Catterina; CEDEUS (Chile)
We assessed the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine in a sample of the MAUCO population-based cohort (n = 120) using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit specially designed for the analysis of AFM1 in urine. We found AFM1 in the urine of 59% of the participants (> limit of detection), with 12% of the samples being over the limit of quantification. The mean of the quantifiable samples was 0.66 (± 0.35) ng/mg adjusted creatinine, ranging from 0.31 to 1.39 ng/mg creatinine. The mean probable daily intake (PDI) of AFB1 was 0.23 (± 0.37) ng/kg bw according to the upper bound (UB), being significantly higher in women and 0.14 (± 0.23) ng/kg bw in the modified lower bound (mLB) approach, ranging from 0.01 to 1.98 ng/kg bw. The risk of AFB1 was assessed with the margin of exposure (MOE) approach estimated at 2800 in the mean mLB and 1733 in the mean UB. According to the MOE values obtained in this study, aflatoxin B1 exposure must be considered a public health concern and must be taken as a priority for food risk management.
Accessibility Indicators to Fresh Food: A Quantitative Insight from Concepción, Chile
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2022) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Widener, Michael J.; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; Meneses, Fernando; Rodríguez, Tiara; CEDEUS (Chile)
Accessibility is crucial to establishing and maintaining a nutritious and healthy diet. Although much of the literature on access to healthy food has focused on study areas in the Global North, the topic is of growing relevance to other regions across the globe. In Chile, where the prevalence of chronic diseases related to obesity and diet has increased, and over 50 percent of Chileans are considered overweight or obese, improving accessibility to healthy food has been an essential strat egy for improving health outcomes, including the food environment. In this article, we analyze walking accessibility from homes and workplaces to open street markets and supermarkets that sell fresh fruits and vegetables and consider the role of price in the Concepcion metropolitan area, the second most populated city in Chile. Results suggest that supermarkets and open street markets are distributed in a complementary way. Open street markets have a crucial role in facilitating access to more affordable products for peripheral and low-income areas. Findings also show workplaces increase accessibil ity in a way that is complementary to residential location
Air Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Changes in Older Adults Living in a Polluted Area in Central Chile
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2022) Cortes Arancibia, Sandra Isabel; Leiva Cisternas, Cinthya Aracely; Ojeda Valenzuela, María José; Bustamante-Ara, Natalia; Wambaa, Wanjiku; Domínguez, Alan; Pasten Salvo, Carlos; Rodriguez Peralta, Camila; Rojas Arenas, Barbara; Vargas Mesa, Diego; Ahumada Padilla Ericka Del Pilar; CEDEUS (Chile)
One recognized cause of cardiorespiratory diseases is air pollution. Older adults (OA) are one of the most vulnerable groups that suffer from its adverse effects. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between exposure to air pollution and changes in cardiorespiratory variables in OA. Observational prospective cohort study. Health questionnaires. blood pressure (BP) measurements, lung functions, respiratory symptoms, physical activity levels, and physical fitness in high and low exposure to air pollution were all methods used in evaluating OAs in communes with high contamination rates. Linear and logistic models were created to adjust for variables of interest. A total of 92 OA participated in this study. 73.9% of the subjects were women with 72.3 +/- 5.6 years. 46.7% were obese, while 12.1% consumed tobacco. The most prevalent diseases found were hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adjusted linear models maintained an increase for systolic BP of 6.77 mmHg (95% CI: 1.04-12.51), and diastolic of 3.51 mmHg (95% CI: 0.72-6.29), during the period of high exposure to air pollution. The adjusted logistic regression model indicated that, during the period of high exposure to air pollution increase the respiratory symptoms 4 times more (OR: 4.43, 95% CI: 2.07-10.04) in the OA. The results are consistent with an adverse effect on cardiorespiratory variables in periods of high exposure to air pollution in the OA population.
Air quality management in Chile : effectiveness of PM2.5 regulations
(2021) Jorquera, Héctor; CEDEUS (Chile)
Ambient PM10 impacts brought by the extreme flooding event of March 24-26, 2015, in Copiapo, Chile
(2018) Jorquera, Héctor; Maria Villalobos, Ana; Barraza Saavedra, Francisco Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
Association between maternity leave policies and postpartum depression: a systematic review
(Springer, 2023) Hidalgo-Padilla, Liliana; Toyama, Mauricio; Hanae, Jessica; Tanaka, Zafra; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; CEDEUS (Chile)
Purpose: Working mothers are at greater risk for postpartum depression. Maternity leave characteristics, including length, wage replacement and employment protection, could have relevant implications for mothers’ mental health. We propose to explore whether there is an association between maternity leave characteristics and postpartum depression. Methods: We conducted a systematic review searching for randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, cohort or cross-sectional studies on five databases using search terms including maternity and parental leave and depression, as well as references in relevant articles. We identified 500 articles and included 23 of those. We used the EPHPP Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Paid and longer maternity leaves tend to be associated with a reduction of postpartum depression symptoms in high-income countries. No studies explored the association between employment protection and postpartum depression. The quality of studies ranged from strong to weak, mostly influenced by study design. Conclusion: More restrictive maternity leave policies tend to be associated with higher rates of postpartum depression, although more research needs to be conducted in the Global South.
Association of Kawasaki disease with tropospheric winds in Central Chile : Is wind-borne desert dust a risk factor?
(2015) Jorquera, Héctor; Borzutzky Schachter, Arturo; Hoyos Bachiloglu, Rodrigo Andrés; García A.; CEDEUS (Chile)
Asymmetric preferences for road safety : evidence from a stated choice experiment among car drivers
(2015) Flugel, Stefan; Elvik, Rune; Veisten, Knut; Rizzi Campanella, Luis Ignacio; Frislid Meyer, Sunniva; Ramjerdi, Farideh; Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios; CEDEUS (Chile)
Benchmarking the Covid-19 pandemic across countries and states in the USA under heterogeneous testing
(2020) Asahi Kodama, Kenzo Javier; Undurraga Fourcade, Eduardo Andrés; Wagner, Rodrigo; CEDEUS (Chile)
Public health officials need to make urgent decisions to reduce the potential impact of the CoVID-19 pandemic. Benchmarking based on the increase in total cases or case fatality rates is one way of comparing performance across countries or territories (such as states in the USA), and could inform policy decisions about COVID-19 mitigation strategies. But comparing cases and fatality across territories is challenging due to heterogeneity in testing and health systems. We show two complementary ways of benchmarking across countries or US states. First, we used multivariate regressions to estimate the test-elasticity-of-COVID-19-case-incidence. We found a 10% increase in testing yielded ~9% (95% CI:4.2–3.4%; p<0.001) increase in reported cases across countries, and ~2% (95%CI:0.1-3.4%; p=0.03) increase across US states during the week ending April 10th, 2020. We found comparable negative elasticities for fatality rates (across countries: β =-0.77, 95%CI:-1.40– -0.14; p=0.02; US states: β=-0.15, 95%CI:-0.30-0.01; p=0.06). Our results were robust to various model specifications. Second, we decomposed the growth in cases into test growth and positive test ratio (PTR) growth to intuitively visualize the components of case growth. We hope these results can help support evidence-based decisions by public health officials as more consistent data hopefully becomes available.
Big data and policy making: between real time management and the experimental dimension of policies
(2019) Concilio, Grazia; Pucci, Paola; Vecchio, Giovanni; Lanza, Giovanni; Misra, Sanjay; Gervasi, Osvaldo; Murgante, Beniamino; Stankova, Elena; Korkhov, Vladimir; Torre, Carmelo; Rocha, Ana Maria A.C.; Taniar, David; Apduhan, Bernady O.; Tarantino, Eufemia; CEDEUS (Chile)
Chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, 2013
(2015) Villalobos, A.; Barraza Saavedra, Francisco Javier; Jorquera, Héctor; Schauer, J.; CEDEUS (Chile)
Combining Cluster Analysis of Air Pollution and Meteorological Data with Receptor Model Results for Ambient PM2.5 and PM10
(2020) Jorquera, Héctor; Villalobos, Ana María; CEDEUS (Chile)
Air pollution regulation requires knowing major sources on any given zone, setting specific controls, and assessing how health risks evolve in response to those controls. Receptor models (RM) can identify major sources: transport, industry, residential, etc. However, RM results are typically available for short term periods, and there is a paucity of RM results for developing countries. We propose to combine a cluster analysis (CA) of air pollution and meteorological measurements with a short-term RM analysis to estimate a long-term, hourly source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 and PM10. We have developed a proof of the concept for this proposed methodology in three case studies: a large metropolitan zone, a city with dominant residential wood burning (RWB) emissions, and a city in the middle of a desert region. We have found it feasible to identify the major sources in the CA results and obtain hourly time series of their contributions, effectively extending short-term RM results to the whole ambient monitoring period. This methodology adds value to existing ambient data. The hourly time series results would allow researchers to apportion health benefits associated with specific air pollution regulations, estimate source-specific trends, improve emission inventories, and conduct environmental justice studies, among several potential applications.
COVID-19 and the worsening of health inequities in Santiago, Chile
(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2021) Bilal, Usama; Alfaro, Tania; Vives, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo
(Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 2021) Encinas Pino, Felipe; Soto-Liebe, Katia; Aguirre Núñez, Carlos Andrés; González, Bernardo; Bustamante, Waldo; Schueftan, Alejandra; Ugalde, Juan; Blondel, Carlos; Truffello, Ricardo; Araya, Paz; Freed, Carmen; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2021, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya. All rights reserved.As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.
Dealing with collinearity in travel time valuation
(2015) Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios; De Grange, L.; Farina, P.; CEDEUS (Chile)
Designing incentive packages for increased density and social inclusion in the neighbourhood of mass transit stations
(2016) Waintrub, N.; Greene, Margarita; Ortúzar Salas, Juan de Dios; CEDEUS (Chile)
Effects of an urban regeneration program on related social determinants of health in Chile: A pre-post intervention study
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) López-Contreras, Natalia; Puig-Barrachina, Vanessa; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Olave-Müller, Paola; Gotsens, Mercè; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Medicina
Urban regeneration programs, such as “Programa Quiero mi Barrio” (PQMB) that is carried out in neighborhoods with greater deprivation across Chile, can improve health and quality of life in socio-economically deprived neighborhoods. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of this program on the physical, social, and safety environments of neighborhoods intervened between 2011 and 2018, according to gender and socioeconomic position. Four indices and six sub-indices were constructed to measure physical, social, and safety environments of the neighborhoods. We conducted a pre- and post-intervention analysis with 2095 people using linear models adjusted for repeated measurements. After the intervention, participants had an improved perception of physical, social, and safety environments, as well as the use of spaces, particularly among women and people with higher levels of education. Therefore, the PQMB program is a form of public policy that can improve the quality of life and health of people living in underprivileged areas.

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