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- ItemA bumpy ride: structural inequalities, quality standards, and institutional limitations affecting cycling infrastructure(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio; Mora Vega, Rodrigo; Oyarzun, Gabriel; Vergara, Jaime; Vecchio, Giovanni; CEDEUS (Chile)Structural socio-economic and institutional limitations can affect the implementation of cycling infrastructure. More stringent cycling infrastructure standards aiming to solve deficiencies might exacerbate disparities, especially in poor districts with fragmentary governance. Using an audit and quantitative and spatial analysis of cycleways, this paper examines to what extent structural inequalities and governance issues affect the availability and quality of cycling infrastructure, considering new indicative and normative standards aiming at improving cycling infrastructure in Santiago, Chile. Our results show that the distribution of cycleways is unequal and only partially complies with national quality standards. All districts in the city have both high and low standard bicycle lanes, but since district finances have huge differences, this can lead to inequalities in cycle coverage and districts' capabilities to address current standard problems. This raises relevant challenges regarding governance and how to ensure an equitable distribution of cycling infrastructure in Global South cities.
- ItemBus drivers and their interactions with cyclists: An analysis of minor conflicts(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Mora, Rodrigo; Waintrub Santibanez, Natan; Figueroa-Martinez, Christian; CEDEUS (Chile)Driving a bus in a city is a challenging task as it demands paying attention to changing conditions (e.g., weather, congestion) while interacting with passengers and other road users who sometimes display unpredictable behaviours. Cyclists play an important role in these interactions. This paper investigates how cyclists are perceived by bus drivers and how conflicts arising from their daily interactions shape the attitudes of bus drivers. A total of 639 bus drivers (4% of the workforce, 91% males) working in Santiago de Chile responded an online survey. The survey asked drivers about their perception of other transport modes, their experience with traffic collisions and the conflicts they have had with cyclists. Later, logistic regression models were estimated, using “coexistence with cyclists” as the dependent variable. The findings show that younger and older drivers have a better perception of cyclists compared to middle-aged ones. Negative experiences with cyclists worsen the perception of co-existence with cyclists; meanwhile, previous cycling experience was unrelated to drivers’ perceptions. The results also suggest that existing norms are perceived as ineffective. Finally, gender was not statistically significant in shaping bus drivers’ perception of cyclists, yet this topic requires further attention as the composition of the public transport labour force is changing.
- ItemDevelopment and validation of a numerical heat transfer model for PCM glazing: Integration to EnergyPlus for office building energy performance applications(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Uribe, Daniel; Vera, Sergio; Perino, Marco; CEDEUS (Chile)© 2024 Elsevier LtdGlazing filled with Phase Change Materials (PCMs) or PCM glazing arises as a strategy to improve the office buildings' energy performance by providing thermal inertia to glazed façades. PCM glazing can reduce office buildings' cooling energy consumption in warm climates. Literature shows a good understanding of PCM glazing thermophysical properties. However, nowadays, it is unfeasible to estimate the energy consumption of offices with PCM glazing based on annual energy simulations. Therefore, this paper aims to integrate a novel, developed, and validated PCM glazing heat transfer model for building energy performance applications into EnergyPlus. In order to do this, a numerical heat transfer model of a double-clear glazed filled with PCM based on literature is developed. This model is validated experimentally and integrated into EnergyPlus, a state-of-the-art building energy simulation tool. Annual simulations are carried out for an office room with different WWR, façade orientations, and PCMs in four climate conditions to show the model's capability to estimate the energy consumption and cooling peak load reductions. The results show that double-clear glazing filled with PCM can reduce the energy consumption of an office building up to 9.1 % and reduce the cooling peak loads up to 10.5 % compared to the same office building with a triple-clear glazing filled with argon. The best results were observed in warm climates with significant diurnal temperature variations.
- ItemGreening at multiple scales promote biodiverse cities: A multi-scale assessment of drivers of Neotropical birds(Elsevier GmbH, 2021) Villaseñor, Nélida R.; Truffello, Ricardo; Reyes Paecke, Sonia; CEDEUS (Chile)© 2021 Elsevier GmbHBiodiversity-sensitive cities can contribute to reconnect humans with nature and halt global biodiversity loss. Achieving biodiversity-sensitive cities is challenging, especially in regions threatened by growing urbanization. To inform urban management and planning in a global biodiversity hotspot, we conducted a multi-scale assessment of drivers of Neotropical birds in the capital city of Santiago de Chile. We investigate the influence of local and landscape variables on native bird species richness and abundance. We surveyed birds and vegetation in 449 sampling points distributed across the city. Native bird species richness was greater in areas with greater shrub and woody vegetation cover at the local scale. Native bird species richness was also greater with high vegetation density in the surrounding landscape and near to an urban boundary. Native birds were abundant in areas with large woody vegetation cover at both local and landscape scales, high vegetation density in the surrounding landscape, near to an urban park and near to an urban boundary. Additive effects of vegetation at different spatial scales suggest that combining local and landscape management, planning and design will be best to preserve native birds in a large city. Although native birds are species rich and abundant near the urban fringe and decrease towards the interior of the city, local-scale management of habitat encouraging shrub and tree planting and landscape-scale actions such as targeting high levels of vegetation (including woody cover) and providing a well-distributed network of urban parks will help sustain native birds across the city. Greening actions at local and landscape-scale will contribute to achieving biodiversity-sensitive cities, providing benefits for people and nature.
- ItemImpact of Land Use Diversity on Daytime Social Segregation Patterns in Santiago de Chile(MDPI, 2022) Fuentes Arce, Luis; Truffello, Ricardo; Flores, Mónica; CEDEUS (Chile)© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Latin American cities are known for their high levels of marginality, segregation and inequality. As such, these issues have been the subject of substantial discussions in academia, with the predominant approach being the study of residential segregation, or what we call “nighttime segregation”. Another dimension of urban sociability, related to labor, is what we call “daytime segregation”, which has been far less studied. This article makes an original methodological contribution to the measurement of non-residential or daytime segregation based on data from mobility surveys. It seeks to explain this segregation measurement according to the diversity and distribution of land uses, as well as other characteristics of the built stock, such as land price and built-up density. We measured daytime social mix in urban spaces, and we show how it highly relates to land use diversity in a Latin American megacity, such as Santiago, Chile. We found that land use diversity plays a key role in enhancing the daytime social diversity of urban spaces, contributing to generate a more heterogeneous city and social gatherings during working days. This research is not only a contribution to the understanding of sociability patterns in cities but is also a contribution to public policy and the work of urban planners, as it informs the development of more diverse and integrated cities, which is a key tool for strengthening democracy, the exchange of ideas, the economy and social welfare.
- ItemLocal and NON-LOCAL source apportionment of black carbon and combustion generated PM2.5(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Rodríguez Rangel, Jessika Carolina; Villalobos, Ana María; Castro-Molinare J.; Jorquera González, Héctor Iván Joaquin; CEDEUS (Chile)Current methods for measuring black carbon aerosol (BC) by optical methods apportion BC to fossil fuel and wood combustion. However, these results are aggregated: local and non-local combustion sources are lumped together. The spatial apportioning of carbonaceous aerosol sources is challenging in remote or suburban areas because non-local sources may be significant. Air quality modeling would require highly accurate emission inventories and unbiased dispersion models to quantify such apportionment. We propose FUSTA (FUzzy SpatioTemporal Apportionment) methodology for analyzing aethalometer results for equivalent black carbon coming from fossil fuel (eBCff) and wood combustion (eBCwb). We applied this methodology to ambient measurements at three suburban sites around Santiago, Chile, in the winter season 2021. FUSTA results showed that local sources contributed ∼80% to eBCff and eBCwb in all sites. By using PM2.5 – eBCff and PM2.5 – eBCwb scatterplots for each fuzzy cluster (or source) found by FUSTA, the estimated lower edge lines showed distinctive slopes in each measurement site. These slopes were larger for non-local sources (aged aerosols) than for local ones (fresh emissions) and were used to apportion combustion PM2.5 in each site. In sites Colina, Melipilla and San Jose de Maipo, fossil fuel combustion contributions to PM2.5 were 26 % (15.9 μg m−3), 22 % (9.9 μg m−3), and 22 % (7.8 μg m−3), respectively. Wood burning contributions to PM2.5 were 22 % (13.4 μg m−3), 19 % (8.9 μg m−3) and 22% (7.3 μg m−3), respectively. This methodology generates a joint source apportionment of eBC and PM2.5, which is consistent with available chemical speciation data for PM2.5 in Santiago.
- ItemWallmapu-Araucanía in flames! An historical political ecology of fire in the domination of southern Chile(2024) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)The conflict over Wallmapu-Araucanía in southern Chile, between the Spanish conquistadores, the Chilean state and the Mapuche peoples, dates from the 16th century, with a key moment being the forced integration of Mapuche land into the Chilean state in the late nineteenth century. This paper discusses this long period of conflict in three moments: conquest, occupation and liberation, and it focuses on the use of fire as a politico-symbolic and techno-productive tool. A ‘landscapes of power framework’ is used for this historical political ecology analysis, based on texts from the nineteenth century to the present. The conclusions point to the historical importance of the use of fire as a tool not only for physical changes in the landscape, but principally as a tool of political symbolism that relates to a history of conflict of terror and displacement, used by the forces of occupation and resistance.