CEDEUS

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A Novel Offsite Construction Method for Social Housing in Emerging Economies for Low Cost and Reduced Environmental Impact
(MDPI, 2023) Tapia Reed, Danilo Alejandro; González Hormazábal, Marcelo Andrés; Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Aguilar, Carlos; CEDEUS (Chile)
Offsite construction methods have shown many advantages over traditional construction techniques, especially related to efficiency and productivity during the construction phase. Nevertheless, offsite construction generally involves oversizing the internal structure of the modules due to the internal stresses produced during transport and lifting operations, producing an increase in material usage, direct cost, and carbon footprint. In developing countries, the direct cost of social housing is the most important factor determining the feasibility of construction. For this reason, oversizing the internal structure of the modules can play an important role in the adoption of a modern construction technique such as offsite construction systems. In order to solve this issue, a temporary reusable stiffener structure is proposed to allow an economical offsite construction system using a lightweight steel framing structure used in traditional methods. The reusable structure was designed using a finite element method, and the direct cost and carbon footprint of the structure were evaluated. The results show that the proposed construction strategy allows for a low cost and reduced environmental impact due to a lower usage of materials in the modules and the possibility of a circular economy approach to the reusable structure.
A Volunteered Geographic Information Framework to Enable Bottom-Up Disaster Management Platforms
(MDPI, 2015) Poorazizi, Mohammad Ebrahim; Hunter, Andrew J. S.; Steiniger, Stefan; CEDEUS (Chile)
Recent disasters, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, have drawn attention to the potential role of citizens as active information producers. By using location-aware devices such as smartphones to collect geographic information in the form of geo-tagged text, photos, or videos, and sharing this information through online social media, such as Twitter, citizens create Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). To effectively use this information for disaster management, we developed a VGI framework for the discovery of VGI. This framework consists of four components: (i) a VGI brokering module to provide a standard service interface to retrieve VGI from multiple resources based on spatial, temporal, and semantic parameters; (ii) a VGI quality control component, which employs semantic filtering and cross-referencing techniques to evaluate VGI; (iii) a VGI publisher module, which uses a service-based delivery mechanism to disseminate VGI, and (iv) a VGI discovery component to locate, browse, and query metadata about available VGI datasets. In a case study we employed a FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) strategy, open standards/specifications, and free/open data to show the utility of the framework. We demonstrate that the framework can facilitate data discovery for disaster management. The addition of quality metrics and a single aggregated source of relevant crisis VGI will allow users to make informed policy choices that could save lives, meet basic humanitarian needs earlier, and perhaps limit environmental and economic damage.
Accessibility and the Capabilities Approach: a review of the literature and proposal for conceptual advancements
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021) Vecchio, Giovanni; Martens, Karel; CEDEUS (Chile)
The Capability Approach, developed by Sen and Nussbaum, has recently gained increasing attention in the transport literature. This paper adds to this growing body of literature by investigating how the approach can generate consistent evaluative approaches to inform (urban) transport planning. The paper reviews the mobility literature that has investigated the Capabilities Approach and identifies the opportunities and challenges of employing the approach as a basis for transport planning. The review highlights the different, and sometimes patchy, ways in which the key notions of the approach have been conceptualised and operationalised. Discussing this growing but scattered literature, the paper embraces the emerging direction that understands accessibility as the capability that transport planning and policy should consider. Further refining this understanding, the paper proposes a twofold evaluative approach combining a top-down and a bottom-up component to capture the myriad of conversion factors shaping people's accessibility-as-capability and functioning. By systematically adopting the Capabilities Approach, transport planning and mobility policies will be directed to enhancing each person's freedom to pursue the life they have reason to value in contemporary societies.
Air Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Changes in Older Adults Living in a Polluted Area in Central Chile
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2022) Cortes Arancibia, Sandra Isabel; Leiva Cisternas, Cinthya Aracely; Ojeda Valenzuela, María José; Bustamante-Ara, Natalia; Wambaa, Wanjiku; Domínguez, Alan; Pasten Salvo, Carlos; Rodriguez Peralta, Camila; Rojas Arenas, Barbara; Vargas Mesa, Diego; Ahumada Padilla Ericka Del Pilar; CEDEUS (Chile)
One recognized cause of cardiorespiratory diseases is air pollution. Older adults (OA) are one of the most vulnerable groups that suffer from its adverse effects. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between exposure to air pollution and changes in cardiorespiratory variables in OA. Observational prospective cohort study. Health questionnaires. blood pressure (BP) measurements, lung functions, respiratory symptoms, physical activity levels, and physical fitness in high and low exposure to air pollution were all methods used in evaluating OAs in communes with high contamination rates. Linear and logistic models were created to adjust for variables of interest. A total of 92 OA participated in this study. 73.9% of the subjects were women with 72.3 +/- 5.6 years. 46.7% were obese, while 12.1% consumed tobacco. The most prevalent diseases found were hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adjusted linear models maintained an increase for systolic BP of 6.77 mmHg (95% CI: 1.04-12.51), and diastolic of 3.51 mmHg (95% CI: 0.72-6.29), during the period of high exposure to air pollution. The adjusted logistic regression model indicated that, during the period of high exposure to air pollution increase the respiratory symptoms 4 times more (OR: 4.43, 95% CI: 2.07-10.04) in the OA. The results are consistent with an adverse effect on cardiorespiratory variables in periods of high exposure to air pollution in the OA population.
An assessment of the ecological validity of immersive videos in stated preference surveys
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2020) Rossetti Youlton, Tomás; Hurtubia González, Ricardo; CEDEUS (Chile)
Images, videos, and virtual reality have been widely used in the literature to portray complex attributes to survey respondents. It is reasonable to expect immersive videos will be increasingly used in the future due to their decreasing costs and potentially more accurate representation of reality. Nevertheless, the literature has not sufficiently tested their ecological validity, which can be defined as the extent to which the results they produce in a laboratory setting, such as in choice experiments, are close enough to the results that would have been obtained in a real-life setting. The following work presents a comparison of two representation formats, images and immersive videos, to verify if they can elicit the same perceptual responses of pedestrians as real environments. To do this, a survey was carried out using these two formats as well as on-site interviews. Using a MIMIC approach, and after controlling for all relevant sociodemographic variables, results show that perceptions elicited through immersive videos were not different from those elicited in reality in one qualitative variable (perception of safety and security) out of three relevant ones identified. Furthermore, results also show immersive videos can induce a smaller distortion than photographs.
Application of an incentive for bus drivers to achieve an improvement in the quality of service
(Elsevier, 2020) Chaparro, Alejandra; Galilea Aranda, Patricia Viviana; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Poblete Lavanchy, Joaquín José; CEDEUS (Chile)
Concession contracts of operating companies of the public transport system of Santiago, consider important fines if companies fail to comply with the operating plan, regularity and other operational variables included in those contracts. On the other hand, drivers receive a fixed payment with no pecuniary incentive related with their performance. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the application of a monetary incentive for bus drivers focused on increasing the number of passengers transported to test the existence of multitasking, specifically checking the behavior of drivers regarding bus speed. We conducted a field experiment with an operator of Transantiago and we used a difference in differences analysis to show that with the pecuniary incentive tested, drivers raised their transported passengers in 9% when riding in long bus routes. We found some evidence of multitasking associated with a decrease in speed of 3%. Thus, our research provides suggestive evidence that inefficiencies may be occurring in the operation because of the lack of adequate incentives for drivers.
Artificial intelligence in the new forms of environmental governance in the Chilean State: Towards an eco-algorithmic governance
(Wiley, 2023) Tironi, Martin; Lisboa, Diego Ignacio Rivera; CEDEUS (Chile)
One of the most popular fields of experimentation with technological solutions based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and algorithmic systems is environmental studies, particularly as it relates to climate change. The promise of mitigating the impact of human activity on the environment through the introduction of sensor technologies has given way to a series of narratives around their role and capabilities. Focusing on the case of Environmental Intelligence, an initiative developed by the Chilean government's Superintendency for the Environment that incorporates AI into the monitoring process, we offer arguments regarding the articulation of an eco-algorithmic governmentality in which the environment is desingularized and reduced to a series of metrics associated with regulatory compliance. The operations that serve to prototype and give shape to the initiative created a series of tensions around the possibility of arriving at other forms of involvement in and understanding of the environment. This article shows how this eco-algorithmic governmentality conceptualizes the environment as an entity that can be optimized and rationalized, generating epistemic frictions with other logics of relationality and situated and terrestrial sensibility.
Assessing cohesion and diversity in the collaboration network of the SALURBAL project
(2023) Baquero, Sofia; Montes, Felipe; Stankov, Ivana; Sarmiento, Olga L.; Medina, Pablo; Slesinski, S. Claire; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Kroker-Lobos, Maria F.; Teixeira, Waleska; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Alazraqui, Marcio; Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh; Diez Roux, Ana V.; CEDEUS (Chile)
The SALURBAL (Urban Health in Latin America) Project is an interdisciplinary multinational network aimed at generating and disseminating actionable evidence on the drivers of health in cities of Latin America. We conducted a temporal multilayer network analysis where we measured cohesion over time using network structural properties and assessed diversity within and between different project activities according to participant attributes. Between 2017 and 2020 the SALURBAL network comprised 395 participants across 26 countries, 23 disciplines, and 181 institutions. While the cohesion of the SALURBAL network fluctuated over time, overall, an increase was observed from the first to the last time point of our analysis (clustering coefficient increased [0.83-0.91] and shortest path decreased [1.70-1.68]). SALURBAL also exhibited balanced overall diversity within project activities (0.5-0.6) by designing activities for different purposes such as capacity building, team-building, research, and dissemination. The network's growth was facilitated by the creation of new diverse collaborations across a range of activities over time, while maintaining the diversity of existing collaborations (0.69-0.75 between activity diversity depending on the attribute). The SALURBAL experience can serve as an example for multinational research projects aiming to build cohesive networks while leveraging heterogeneity in countries, disciplines, career stage, and across sectors.
Assessing free-fare public transport in Chilean cities through optimization models
(2023) Basnak Klajn, Paul Alexander; Giesen Encina, Ricardo; CEDEUS (Chile)
Many public transport services receive operating subsidies from national, regional, or local Governments, part of which are directed to reducing fares. In recent years, different cities, most of them located in Europe, have advanced in the provision of free-fare public transport, which could help reduce car use and thus limit negative externalities related to its use. Using cost minimization models with variable mode share, in a circular structure with radial lines, optimal fares for bus services were estimated for 33 small and medium-sized cities in Chile. Through a linear regression model, we determined that the optimal fares decrease for cities with higher population, lower average income, a higher proportion of students, and with a CBD surrounded by natural boundaries such as seacoast. Based on the model's results, together with feasibility criteria that included competition of buses with other transportation modes, the regulation of existing systems and the quality of available data, recommendations are provided to select the best cities for a test of free-fare public transport in Chile. The methodology is applicable to cities in other countries, and future research may incorporate the effect of the valuation of crowding by users, as well as the generation of additional trips due to a drop in bus fares.
Assessment of Residential Satisfaction in Mehr Housing Scheme: A Case Study of Sadra New Town, Iran
(Routledge Journals, 2017) Etminani-Ghasrodashti, Roya; Majedi, Hamid; Paydar, Mohammad; CEDEUS (Chile)
This paper aims to contribute to theory and practice concerning residential satisfaction in public housing through an assessment of the Mehr housing scheme (MHS), which is a significant project of the Iranian government's current development plans. This study is based on household surveys conducted in two MHS projects in the new town of Sadra, Iran. Data were collected through a sample of residents to explore their satisfaction with physical characteristics of housing units, public facilities and services, and also the social participation and cohesion among residents. Using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and categorical regression, the hypothesis that satisfaction is based on the relationship between different key factors was tested. The results of descriptive analysis demonstrate that only 32.5% of respondents were satisfied with living in MHS. Findings from categorical regression revealed that built environment variables such as buildings' physical features were the main determinants of respondents' overall satisfaction while the social features of the housing projects had little to no impacts on residents' contentment. These results suggest that while primary aspirations for physical characteristics of public housing and access to essential services and facilities were disregarded by planners, social association, cohesion and ties among residents will likely become less important.
Coastal Evolution in a Wetland Affected by Large Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in South-Central Chile: Criteria for Integrated Coastal Management
(MDPI, 2021) Martínez Reyes, Carolina Del Pilar; Sepúlveda-Zuñiga, Einer; Villagrán, Mauricio; Rojas, Octavio; Gómez, Matias; López, Pablo; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
The coastal evolution of the microtidal Tubul-Raqui wetland in south-central Chile (36 degrees S), which historically has been affected by large earthquakes and tsunamis, particularly the 1960 (Mw = 9.5) and 2010 (Mw = 8.8) subduction earthquakes and their associated tsunamis, is analyzed. Historical aerial photographs and topographic and bathymetric surveys from the 1961-2017 period, as well as salinity, sediment, and flora data obtained following the 2010 earthquake were used for comparison with data from prior to the event. A steady state of the shoreline was established, with an average erosion rate of -0.016 m/year in the 1961-2017 period. However, erosion predominated in the period between these two large earthquakes (1961-2009), with an average rate of -0.386 m/year. The wetland dried up, partially recovered saline intrusion a year later, and recovered the salinity conditions it had before the earthquake two years later. The postearthquake effects on the floristic composition were not significant, with the species Spartina densiflora, which presented a high tolerance to these types of changes, predominating. Moreover, 75 percent of the taxa in pre- and postearthquake conditions coincided, with the halophyte species Spartina densiflora, Sarcocornia fructicosa, and Cotula coronopifolia predominating, while the best-conserved community was Spartina-Sarcocornia association located in the saltmarsh. Seven years after the earthquake, the shoreline presented an accretion rate of 2.935 m/year; if the current tectonic conditions prevail, an erosive trend can be expected in the coming decades. The morphological variability and the changes associated with the shoreline in this wetland are strongly controlled by tectonic factors. Criteria aimed at integrated coastal management to promote its occupancy and use in accordance with its evolutionary dynamics are proposed.
Comparing degrees of 'publicness' and 'privateness' in school systems: the development and application of a public-private index
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis LTD, 2022) Gutierrez, Gabriel; Lupton, Ruth; Carrasco Rozas, Alejandro Javier; Rasse Figueroa, Alejandra Paz; CEDEUS (Chile)
The process of privatising services historically provided by the state has blurred the boundaries between what is considered to be 'private' and 'public'. However, few efforts have been made in the educational arena to develop tools to measure this process. Most of the previous research has relied on narrow definitions about what is private and what is public. This work proposes a tool to measure the degree of publicness-privateness of school systems, avoiding binary separation of the concepts. We develop an index and test this tool in two different landscapes: London and Santiago. In these cases, it serves to illustrate major changes in the levels of public-private participation in both school systems, reflecting differences between the systems and over time. We conclude that the index has potential for development and use in the analysis of public and private dimensions in education in broader international contexts.
Comparing green spaces provision and accessibility indicators over a latitudinal gradient and multiple climate zones
(ELSEVIER GMBH, 2023) De la Barrera, Francisco; Reyes Paecke, Sonia; Truffello, Ricardo; De la Fuente, Helen E.; Salinas, Valentina; Villegas, Rodrigo A.; Steiniger, Stefan; CEDEUS (Chile)
Monitoring urban green space (UGS) indicators is key to assessing progress against the UNs sustainable devel-opment goals (SDGs). Within these indicators, measuring the provision of UGS as well as its accessibility is considered a major objective. However, neither the relationship between the two indicators, nor differences related to different types of UGS have been adequately evaluated. In this paper, these two indicators are calculated and analyzed for four size-based types of UGS and for 69 municipalities, which are part of the 16 regional capital cities of Chile. For the provision indicator, the average calculated over all municipalities does not reach the often proposed standard of 11 sq.m/inhab., but only 5.29 sq.m/inhab. Regarding the accessibility indicator, when a walking speed of 4 km/h is considered, the smaller residential green spaces have the highest accessibility (65 % of the population have access), but accessibility for larger GS is low. When a walking speed of 2 km/h is assumed, then accessibility drops to 29 %, 5 %, 5 % and 5 % respectively. We found that calculation results for the four types of UGS are statistically different, and therefore one type cannot replace another in case of monitoring: Higher UGS provision does not guarantee higher accessibility.
COVID-19 and the worsening of health inequities in Santiago, Chile
(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2021) Bilal, Usama; Alfaro, Tania; Vives, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
Crisis y espacialidad de los cuidados en pandemia: vivienda y barrio en Santiago de Chile
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Arquitectura, 2021) Link, Felipe; Ibarra Alonso, Macarena; Matus Madrid, Christian; Méndez, María Luisa; Ruiz-Tagle V., Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
Las condiciones materiales de la ciudad ofrecen evidencias sobre la segregación socioterritorial. Cuando se aplicaron las medidas sanitarias para controlar la propagación de coVid-19, esas condiciones hicieron evidente el alcance de la segregación en Santiago. Así, las escalas de ciudad, barrio y vivienda ofrecen entradas para comprender la crisis de los cuidados a nivel territorial, donde la segregación y el apoyo mutuo han sido sus principales características.
Dynamics of metals in street dust after a mudslide: Case of mining city in Chile
(2019) Vega Contreras, Alejandra Soledad; Arce, Guillermo; Carkovic Aguilera, Athena B.; Moya, Pablo; Coquery, Marina; Pastén González, Pablo Arturo; CEDEUS (Chile)
Electrotrophic perchlorate reduction by a psychrotolerant acidophile isolated from an acid rock drainage in Antarctica
(Elsevier Science SA, 2023) Torres-Rojas, Felipe; Hernández, Pedro; Vargas Barrios, Tomás Ignacio; Nancucheo, Iván; CEDEUS (Chile)
A new extremophilic isolate (USS-CCA7) was obtained from an acidic environment (pH -3.2) in Antarctica phylogenetically related to Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans; its electrotrophic capacities were evaluated in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. Cyclic voltammetry showed cathodic peaks of-428 mV,-536 mV, and-634 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl; pH = 1.7; 3 M KCl) for nitrate, oxygen, and perchlorate, respectively. The catalytic role of this microorganism was also observed by a decrease in the charge transfer resistance registered via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Five-day chronoamperometry of culture at pH = 1.7, USS-CCA7 showed a perchlorate removal rate of 19.106 +/- 1.689 mgL-1 day-1 and a cathodic efficiency of 112 +/- 5.2 %. Growth on electrodes was observed by epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, the results showed that toward higher pH, the cathodic peak of perchlorate is reduced in the voltammetric profiles. This study highlights the use of this psychrotolerant acidophile for the bioremediation of harsh perchlorate-pressured terrestrial under acidic conditions.
Enabling Mobilities Planning Tools for People and Their Mobilities Preface
(Springer, 2019) Pucci, Paola; Vecchio, Giovanni; CEDEUS (Chile)
This book investigates how established transport planning tools can evolve to understand and plan for the ever-changing contemporary mobilities that influence the opportunities available to individuals. It discusses existing techniques, revised in the light of the growing interest in the social implications of transport planning decisions: these include analytical tools to interpret consolidated and emerging phenomena, as well as operational tools to tackle new and existing mobility demands and needs. The book then addresses the implications of everyday mobility for individuals and communities. The result of a continuous exchange between the two authors, it brings together the results of their various research projects. Despite referring to different objects and settings, the work presented is connected by an underlying interest in the impact that mobility has on people in an increasingly mobile world, and the need to include such concerns into mobility planning and policy.
Estimation of crowding factors for public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic in Santiago, Chile
(2022) Basnak Klajn, Paul Alexander; Giesen Encina, Ricardo; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; CEDEUS (Chile)
A sharp decrease in public transport demand has been observed during the COVID-19 pandemic around the world. In this context, it is relevant to understand how mode preferences have changed since the surge of COVID-19.& nbsp;In order to better understand how the pandemic changed mode choice, particularly regarding the impact of crowding and face mask use in public transport, we conducted a stated preference on-line and on-street survey in Santiago, Chile. Our sample is balanced in gender but has a higher proportion of individuals with college degrees and those under 45 years of age than the population of Santiago.& nbsp;The data collected was then used to estimate two multinomial mode choice models, a latent class model and a mixed logit model with latent variables.& nbsp;The models yielded a value of travel time in crowded conditions (4 pax/m2) and low face mask use (50%) of 3.0-5.1 times higher than the case with low crowding (0.5 pax/m2) and 100% face mask use. Moreover, women tend to be more sensitive than men to the use of face masks in public transport. Besides, young and low-income people are relatively less sensitive to crowding.& nbsp;The crowding penalization obtained is higher than in pre-pandemic models calibrated for Santiago for similar passenger densities. Also, as we expected, it grows non-linearly with passenger density. Disinfection of vehicles, as well as the perception of health risk, cleanliness, safety and comfort, were also relevant in explaining mode choice. Further research shall discuss how the change of mode preferences together with new demand patterns influence the operational design of public transport services.
Estudios socio-ecológicos de largo plazo en los sitios fundadores de la red LTSER-Chile: desafíos y oportunidades para el futuro
(Universidad Austral, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, 2014) Gaxiola Alcantar, Aurora; Celis Diez, Juan Luis; Rozzi, Ricardo; Gutiérrez, Julio; CEDEUS (Chile)
La investigación que se desarrolla en los tres sitios fundadores de la red Chilena de Sitios de Estudios Socio-Ecológicos de Largo Plazo (LTSER-Chile) intenta responder preguntas que reflejan el contexto regional de cada sitio. La conformación de la LTSER-Chile en 2008 ofrece una oportunidad para generar estudios comparativos y analizar los potenciales efectos del cambio socio-ambiental global en los diferentes ecosistemas de Chile. Este estudio presenta un análisis de las líneas de investigación desarrolladas en cada uno de los tres sitios y el contexto en el que se han establecido. Cada sitio fundador ha identificado aspectos claves de necesidades locales y del interés de los grupos de investigadores que han iniciado y dirigido los estudios ecológicos o socio-ecológicos a largo plazo. A nivel nacional estos diversos enfoques resultan complementarios. Primeramente, se presentan los análisis y evaluaciones que realizan cada uno de estos grupos de investigación, y luego, un breve diagnóstico del trabajo de las últimas dos décadas en los sitios que actualmente son parte de la LTSER-Chile, con el fin de identificar vacíos y oportunidades de investigación. Asimismo, esta caracterización contribuirá a abordar los retos y oportunidades en investigación socio-ecológica de largo plazo, básica y aplicada.

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