3.03 Tesis doctorado

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Adolescent Life Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Triadic Family Interactions and Mental Health
(2022) Álvarez Kozubová, Karla; Olhaberry Huber, Marcia; Širová, Eva; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología
Adolescents experience changes, discomfort and increased risk of psychopathology (Vicente et al., 2012), whose approach has been insufficient from the perspective focused on vulnerability/risk. The multidimensional perspective of health that considers protective and opportunity factors of development (Steinberg, 2014) becomes important. Subjective well-being (SWB) has been positioned as a multidimensional health assessment (Suldo & Shaffer, 2008), and the life satisfaction construct (LS) (Diener et al., 1985) as the most stable measure of SWB in constituting the overall judgment of the adolescents regarding their lives and the achievement of their aspirations, values and interests influenced by culture (Eid & Diener, 2004; Maddux, 2018; Seligman, 2011) in addition to their discomfort or symptoms. Objectives: to assess the relationship between life satisfaction, quality of triadic interactions (QIT) and mental health (MH) characteristics (risk and protection) in two groups of Chilean adolescents. Method: casecontrol study (Case: 30 triads with adolescent receiving care in mental health and Control: 15 triads with adolescent not receiving), non-experimental, cross-sectional with correlational analysis. Measurement with self-report and observational methodology was used (Satisfaction with Life Scale Adapted for Children, Family APGAR, Parenting Alliance Inventory, Relationship Assessment Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory, KIDSCREEN-52, Survey of Variables Associated with Life Satisfaction and Lausanne Trilogue Play). Results: in the case group, adolescents self-reported significantly lower LS and lower perception of protective mental health factors, higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems, and on average, each adolescent reported more expressed concerns, clinical syndromes and personality prototypes. The QTI, triad structure and dynamics, and co-parenting observed were significantly lower. Meanwhile, triad involvement and adolescent 14 engagement was similar in both groups. Self-reported co-parenting was significantly different between mothers and fathers in each case triad, and mothers were less satisfied in the co-parenting and couple relationship domain than controls. The relationship between adolescent APGAR and that of their respective father figure was inverse in both groups. Case group adolescent LS correlated negatively with emotional and peer problems and in both groups with depressive affect and personality traits in the pain and dependency polarities. Meanwhile, in both groups, the association between LS, adolescent APGAR and protective factors such as physical and psychological well-being, family, school and peer relationships, etc. was positive. In the case group, LS correlated positively with the ability of the triad to co-construct and focus on a task (LTP). The group variable contributed 9.8% of the variance of LS, and the multivariate model implemented with adolescent, father, mother and group APGARs, 52%, without maternal perception being significant. Discussion: evaluating LS, from a context of triadic interactions, with observational LTP methodology in middle adolescence and case-control design, places this study as a pioneer. It is suggested to replicate the study, correcting its limitations, mainly the sample size. In addition, the results on the inverse relationship between paternal perception of the family, co-parenting and couple and adolescent LS should be considered. All of the above will make it possible to strengthen the conclusions and guide prevention and intervention strategies, reinforcing co-parenting in families with adolescent children.
Análisis de episodios y momentos de cambio relacional en terapia de pareja: una propuesta de indicadores genéricos de cambio relacional
(2022) Díaz Dosque, Carmen Gloria; Rivera, Diana; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología
La investigación en Terapia de Pareja se ha centrado en estudios clínicos que permitan medir la eficacia de estas intervenciones, no solo en su objetivo principal, que es la mejoría de la satisfacción de la relación de pareja, sino que también en el tratamiento de diversas problemáticas de salud. A pesar de sus avances en esta área, aún quedan muchas interrogantes, respecto al proceso de cambio que lleva a estos resultados, de allí que surge la necesidad de investigar sobre Episodios y Momentos de Cambio en la relación de pareja. Debido a esto, se desarrolla esta investigación exploratoria descriptiva de casos múltiples de terapia de pareja que caracteriza los contenidos y curso del cambio individual en cada uno de los miembros de la pareja, a través de los Indicadores Genéricos de Cambio, en sesiones de Terapia de Pareja y proponer un listado de Indicadores de Cambio Relacional para Terapia de Pareja a partir de la observación y análisis de cuatro terapias. La metodología del estudio consideró la estructura y secuencia de la Investigación Consensual Cualitativa para el estudio de Casos. Los principales resultados son la distinción entre Momentos de Preparación para el Cambio Relacional y Cambio Relacional, y la necesidad de evaluar metodologías que permitan medir el cambio individual en terapia de pareja. Se concluye, por una parte, que los IGC no es una metodología apropiada para investigar el cambio individual en terapia de pareja, dado lo poco concluyente de los datos, y lo recogido en la literatura que destaca que el cambio debe ser estudiado desde una perspectiva sistémica que considere el contexto relacional en que se realiza la intervención. Finalmente, se presenta una Propuesta de Indicadores Genéricos de Cambio Relacional para Terapia de Pareja.
Efectos de la jornada laboral en el desempeño de operadores expertos en sistemas con altas exigencias de seguridad : una aproximación neuroergonómica
(2022) Álvarez Ruf, Joel Esteban; Rodríguez B., Eugenio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología
Introducción: Un puesto laboral de alta demanda cognitiva es el de los controladores de tránsito aéreo (CTA). El factor temporal de sus respuestas es crítico para la seguridad operacional en aeronáutica. Considerando el trabajo de los CTA, la fatiga mental es esperable y de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, en la literatura revisada no se ha reportado un modelamiento de los efectos de la fatiga mental producida de manera natural por la jornada laboral sobre el desempeño neuroergonómico de los CTA. Métodos: Cuantificación antes y después de turno de 12 horas de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (HRV), control postural (CP), somnolencia y ansiedad. Se realizo análisis de cuantificación de recurrencia para HRV y CP. Resultados: HRV y CP se comportaron de forma más dinámica al final del turno de manera significativa. La ansiedad aumento significativamente y no se observaron cambios en la somnolencia. Conclusiones: La jornada laboral de 12 horas influyo en el nivel de estado de ansiedad y comportamiento dinámico de la HRV y CP. La preferencia matutina aparece como un factor protector frente a la somnolencia. En general lo resultados aportan al sustento del modelo de U-Invertida entre estrés o nivel de excitación y desempeño humano.
Guided internet-based intervention for postpartum depression symptoms: Development and feasibility trial
(2024) Franco Vivanco, Pamela Verónica; Olhaberry Huber, Marcia; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología
Postpartum depression (PPD) represents a significant concern in Chile due to its high prevalence and considerable treatment gap. Amidst this challenge, the prevalent use of digital technologies and parenting applications offers new avenues for delivering Internet-based psychological interventions (IBIs), which have shown effectiveness in mitigating depression symptoms and hold potential for addressing PPD. This doctoral thesis project embarked on developing and assessing an IBI tailored for PPD, named “Mamá, te entiendo” (“Mom, I get you”). This 8-week guided intervention, aiming to diminish depressive symptoms among postpartum women, is rooted in cognitive-behavioral therapy, incorporating insights from mentalization and attachment theories, and delivered through a web app. Developed in line with the CeHRes Roadmap framework, this human-centered approach involved a systematic review, online surveys, focus groups, usability tests, interviews, and a technical pilot for its creation. To assess the intervention’s feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy, a pilot randomized controlled trial with 65 postpartum women diagnosed with minor to major depression was conducted. Participants were allocated to either the intervention or a waitlist control group, with assessments at the baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), and one-month post-intervention (12 weeks). This mixed-methods approach combined quantitative and qualitative analyses to gain insights into participant experiences. Primary outcomes focused on feasibility and acceptability measures like recruitment rates, attrition, and participant satisfaction and engagement. Secondary outcomes examined depression symptoms, perceived social support, mother-infant bonding, and maternal self-efficacy. “Mamá, te entiendo” showed promising feasibility and acceptability, characterized by high satisfaction and engagement levels, although adherence posed a challenge. Participants highlighted several strengths: emotional support, beneficial content, practical exercises, empathetic e-coach feedback, and a user-friendly interface. However, some faced barriers like extensive texts, difficulty tracking progress, and time constraints. Initial efficacy findings indicated no significant differences across outcomes between the intervention and control groups. Nonetheless, both groups experienced improvements in PPD symptoms, mother-infant bonding, and maternal self-efficacy, which could be attributed to spontaneous recovery or concurrent mental health treatments. This study marks the first attempt in Chile to evaluate a psychological IBI for PPD symptoms, underscoring the potential and acceptability of technology-driven mental health solutions.
Parental personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties: their relationship with early triadic interactions and infant’s socioemotional development
(2024) Muzard Costa, Antonia María; Olhaberry Huber, Marcia; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología
Background: socioemotional development is a pivotal aspect of human life, particularly during infancy, and is intricately woven within the personal and interpersonal dynamics of caregiver- infant interactions. This longitudinal study represents a pioneering exploration into the associations between mothers’ and fathers’ personality traits, emotion regulation difficulties, triadic interactions, and infants’ socioemotional development during the perinatal period. Objective: The primary objective was to investigate the complex interplay between parental personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties in mother-father-baby triads with its impact on early triadic interactions and infants’ socioemotional development. Methods: In this non-experimental, longitudinal study, 55 Chilean mother-father-baby triads were assessed from pregnancy until infant’s sixth month after birth. Additionally, parental levels of personality functioning, relationship satisfaction, depressive symptomatology and childhood adverse experiences were considered as potential covariables. Results: Findings revealed that maternal and paternal attributes have particular predictive values and exert distinct influences on both triadic interactions as well as infant’s socioemotional development from pregnancy until infants’ 6-months postpartum. Notably, maternal emotionality and paternal agreeableness, as well as both significant caregiver’s emotion regulation difficulties emerged as significant factors when fostering collaborative triadic interactions and enhancing infant’s socioemotional development. Additionally, when cofounding variables were included, maternal depressive symptomatology emerged as a significant predictor of infant’s socioemotional difficulties at 6-months postpartum. Moreover, the study highlights the moderating role of triadic interactions, emphasizing their significance in influencing the relationship between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and infant’s socioemotional development. Discussion: This research stresses the need for a comprehensive longitudinal perspective in understanding the impact of significant caregivers’ characteristics upon early triadic interactions and infant’s socioemotional development. Therefore, it acknowledges the unique dynamics of the perinatal period, while considering the individualities within each family triad which is crucial for unraveling the complexities inherent in the intricate fabric of family relationships and infant’s socioemotional development.
Role of Emotion Regulation in the Genetic Vulnerability to Conditioned
(2023) Miño Orellana Viviana Violeta; Quezada Scholz Vanetza Estela; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Escuela de Psicología; Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Escuela de Psicología
Fear conditioning serves as a model for understanding fear and anxiety acquisition and extinction, with exposure therapy being the primary approach for anxiety disorders. However, some patients do not fully recover, leading to concerns about fear recurrence. Recent research has turned its focus to genetic factors, particularly the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT), and emotion regulation as potential determinants of treatment outcomes. This study examines the role of the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), with a focus on individuals carrying the S allele known for heightened fear acquisition and reduced extinction. Additionally, cognitive reappraisal, an emotion-regulation technique, is explored for its potential to enhance exposure therapy. The primary objective is to investigate how individuals with the S allele of 5-HTTLPR respond to cognitive reappraisal during fear acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement. A social conditioning task using still faces as conditioned stimuli and insulting videos as unconditioned stimuli is employed. It is hypothesized that S allele carriers can effectively regulate fear through reappraisal, despite their increased fear acquisition and reduced extinction. Findings reveal that S-allele carriers exhibit higher trait, state, and social anxiety, along with an increased expectation of unpleasant interactions in social situations. They also demonstrate a delay in fear extinction. However, when all participants, regardless of their genetic makeup, utilize cognitive reappraisal, fear extinction improves significantly, as evidenced by reduced expectancy of aversive outcomes. This suggests that training individuals with anxiety disorders in cognitive reappraisal techniques, particularly S-allele carriers, may compensate for deficits in fear extinction in anxiety-provoking social contexts. This study deepens our understanding of the interplay between genetic factors, emotion regulation, and fear conditioning, with potential implications for enhancing exposure therapy effectiveness for anxiety disorders, especially in individuals with a genetic predisposition for heightened fear responses.

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