Browsing by Author "Madero Cabib, Ignacio"

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    Advantages and disadvantages across the life course and health status in old age among women in Chile
    (2019) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Azar Denecken, Ariel Ricardo; Pérez Cruz, Pedro
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    Association between Lifetime Tobacco Use and Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Cardiovascular and Chronic Respiratory Diseases among Older People
    (MDPI, 2021) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Bambs Sandoval, Claudia Elena
    Background: We identify representative types of simultaneous tobacco use and alcohol consumption trajectories across the life course and estimate their association with cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases (CVDs and CRDs) among older people in Chile. Methods: We used data from a population-representative, face-to-face and longitudinal-retrospective survey focused on people aged 65-75 (N = 802). To reconstruct trajectory types, we employed weighted multichannel sequence analysis. Then, we estimated their associations with CVDs and CRDs through weighted logistic regression models. Results: Long-term exposure to tobacco use and alcohol consumption across life are associated with the highest CVD and CRD risks. Long-term nonsmokers and nondrinkers do not necessarily show the lowest CVDs and CRDs risks if these patterns are accompanied by health risk factors such as obesity or social disadvantages such as lower educational levels. Additionally, trajectories showing regular consumption in one domain but only in specific periods of life, whether early or late, while maintaining little or no consumption across life in the other domain, lead to lower CVDs or CRDs risks than trajectories indicating permanent consumption in both domains. Conclusions: A policy approach that considers CVDs and CRDs as conditions that strongly depend on previous individual experiences in diverse life domains can contribute to the improved design and evaluation of preventive strategies of tobacco use and alcohol consumption across the life course.
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    Brechas de género en las expectativas de participación política : una mirada desde las actitudes de igualdad de género en Chile 2009 y 2016
    (2019) Miranda Riquelme, Catalina; Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Sociología
    Escasa literatura se conoce con respecto a la relación entre tipos de expectativas de participación política en adolescentes y brechas de género. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre género y expectativas de participación política en Chile para 2009 y 2016 y evaluar el efecto moderador de las actitudes hacia la igualdad de género en esta relación. Para aquello, se plantean dos interrogantes ¿Cómo se relaciona el género con las expectativas de participación política entre los adolescentes chilenos en 2009 y 2016? ¿En qué medida las actitudes de igualdad de género impactan la relación entre género y las expectativas de participación política en los adolescentes de Chile en 2009 y 2016? A partir de los datos del Estudio Internacional de Educación Cívica y Ciudadanía (ICCS) en sus versiones 2009 (n= 5.090) y 2016 (n = 4.991) para Chile se espera encontrar tres tipos de expectativas de participación política (Electoral, Extraparlamentaria activista y Compromiso colectivo) tanto en 2009 como en 2016. Además, se hipotetiza que los niños tendrían mayores expectativas de participar en política que las niñas en 2009 y 2016 y que las niñas con actitudes de género igualitarias tendrán mayores expectativas de participación política en comparación a niñas con actitudes sexistas en 2009 y 2016. Para cumplir con estos objetivos y resolver las preguntas de investigación se realiza un análisis de tres etapas. Primero, se establecen los tipos de expectativa de participación política mediante el método de análisis de clases latente (LCA). Segundo, se ejecuta un test de invarianza en el grupo de niños y niñas con respecto a las categorías de actitudes de igualdad de género, igualdad y sexismo. El tercer paso, en 2009 y 2016 al existir invarianza parcial y comprobar que los(as) adolescentes comprenden de diferente forma las actitudes de igualdad de género se ejecuta un análisis descriptivo y de asociación en los tipos de expectativas de participación política, género y actitudes de igualdad de género para 2009 y 2016. Los resultados revelan cuatro y cinco clases de participación política futura para 2009 y 2016, respectivamente. Las clases son identificadas como Activa, Inactiva, Social y Extraparlamentaria activista, en 2016 se añade la clase, Extraparlamentaria activista legal. Además, hay un aumento en 2016 de las actitudes sexistas entre los(as) adolescentes y se encuentran asociadas significativamente las expectativas de participación política y género; las expectativas de participación política y actitudes de igualdad de género como también las actitudes de igualdad de género y el género. En conclusión, se observa un cambio en el repertorio de acciones políticas en 2009 y 2016, un cambio en las actitudes de igualdad de género por parte de las adolescentes en edad temprana y una sensación que el sistema a pesar de las transformaciones esgrimidas reproduce una desigualdad de género que se traduce en desigualdad política.
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    Chile
    (Springer, 2020) De Amesti Mujica, José; Herrera Ponce, Maria Soledad; Madero Cabib, Ignacio
    During the last three decades Chile has experienced an unprecedented demographic transition due to increased life expectancy and decreased childbirth.This is expected to cause important challenges to economic, health and culturaldimensions among older people in Chile. Furthermore, this is a developing countrycharacterised by a liberal labour market and pension policies and by a male breadwinner culture-locating women in care and domestic tasks at the expense of labourmarket participation. This means that gender plays a key role in the challenges associated with an ageing population. We discuss public policies and recent academicresearch on the economic, health, and cultural dimensions of ageing in Chile
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    Clivajes partidarios y cambios en preferencias distributivas en Chile.
    (2013) Castillo Valenzuela, Juan Carlos; Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Salamovich, Alan
    Las creencias respecto de cómo deberían distribuirse los bienes y recursos en la sociedad constituyen un elemento central de la identificación con partidos políticos. En este sentido, sería esperable que las preferencias por un rol más o menos activo del Estado en la redistribución se relacionara con distintas identificaciones partidarias y con el continuo izquierda-derecha. El presente artículo cuestiona este supuesto, proponiendoque procesos de desestructuración ideológica han llevado a que la identificación con partidos no constituya actualmente un elemento de clivaje político en Chile. Los datos a analizar provienen de la encuesta International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), aplicada en Chile en 1999 y 2009. Los resultados indican que existen escasas diferencias de preferencias distributivas entre quienes se identifican con distintos partidos políticos
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    Complexity in Employment and Coresidential Trajectories Among (Dis)Advantaged Social Groups in Chile
    (2022) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Cabello Hutt, Tania
    Recent institutional and cultural changes have allowed individuals to gradually (but persistently) follow more complex, less uniform, and less predictable work and family patterns than the patterns often assumed to be the norm in Western settings. However, we identify important gaps in this literature: (i) a persistent focus on high-income countries in Western Europe and North America, (ii) an emphasis on narrowed periods of adulthood, and (iii) a disregard for coresidential histories when analyzing the family domain. In this paper, we aim to address these shortcomings in two ways. First, we identify lifetime employment and coresidential trajectories of individuals living currently in Santiago, Chile, born between 1944 and 1954-a cohort that faced several political, economic, and cultural changes across their lives. Second, we explore how gender and socioeconomic disadvantages are associated with individuals' life trajectories. We conduct a multichannel sequence analysis of a comprehensive life history dataset and find that about a quarter of the sample (27.2%) follows a modal pattern of continuous formal full-time employment and coresidence with a partner and children. The remaining proportion of individuals follow more complex, unstable, and interrupted patterns, which vary in their levels of work attachment, work informality, solo parenthood, and intergenerational households. Our findings question the idea that socially advantaged individuals opt for more complex life courses and instead confirm the association between socially disadvantaged individuals, particularly women and those lower educated, and complex trajectories. Rather than deliberate individualistic choices, life course instability appears as an additional layer of social disadvantage.
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    Educación, equidad y creencias distributivas
    (2013) Castillo Valenzuela, Juan Carlos; Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Miranda Fuenzalida, Daniel Andrés
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    Educación, equidad y creencias distributivas: Evidencias del caso chileno
    (2013) Castillo Valenzuela, Juan Carlos; Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Miranda, Daniel
    Durante el año 2011, Chile fue lugar de una serie de manifestaciones estudiantiles que demandabanmayor equidad en el acceso a la educación superior. La alta aprobación ciudadana de estas demandas (llegando a un 89%) parece sugerir la existencia de un gran consenso acerca de la debilidad delmodelo educacional que existe en Chile, el que no cumpliría los tradicionales ideales de meritocraciay movilidad social que fundan los sistemas educativos en sociedades modernas. En este contexto,una pregunta que permanece abierta es en qué medida estas demandas por un sistema educacionalmás equitativo están principalmente influidas por ideales de equidad distributiva, o si más bien ellasresponden a diferentes motivos racionales asociadas a condiciones socio-económicas de los individuos. Utilizando datos del módulo de inequidad social del International Social Survey Program(ISSP) de 2009, esta investigación analiza percepciones y creencias distributivas respecto al sistemaeducativo así como el modo en que ellas están influidas por variables educacionales y de ingreso,usando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados revelan la presencia de diferenciassocioeconómicas en relación a la justicia del sistema educativo, cuestionando el supuesto de unconsenso normativo.
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    Employment Trajectories Across the Life Course and Oral Health Among Older Persons in a Developing Country
    (SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2022) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Reyes, Carla
    A significant research gap on socioeconomic determinants of oral health among older persons is that socioeconomic indicators, like employment status, have essentially been problematized and measured using a cross-sectional approach. Based on a life course approach, and using data from a population-representative, face-to-face and longitudinal-retrospective survey focused on older people in Chile (N = 802), we reconstructed representative types of individual employment trajectories and measured their association with different oral health indicators in old age. Our results show that employment trajectories characterized by continuous, formal, full-time employment have a protective effect for multiple oral health indicators among older people. Our study demonstrates the need for public policies on oral health in old age to incorporate a life course approach and to consider the negative impact of constantly working in informal employment or being out of the labor market permanently, particularly in countries like Chile where temporary and informal employment has risen steadily.
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    Extended Working Life Policies: International Gender and Health Perspectives
    (Springer Cham, 2020) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Ní Léime, Áine; Ogg, Jim; Rašticová, Martina; Street, Debra; Krekula, Clary; Bédiová, Monika; Madero Cabib, Ignacio
    This open access book addresses the current debate on extended working life policy by considering the influence of gender and health on the experiences of older workers. Bringing together an international team of scholars, it tackles issues as gender, health status and job/ occupational characteristics that structure the capacity and outcomes associated with working longer. The volume starts with an overview of the empirical and policy literature; continues with a discussion of the relevant theoretical perspectives; includes a section on available data and indicators; followed by 25 very concise and unique country reports that highlight the main extended working life (EWL) research findings and policy trajectories at the national level. It identifies future directions for research and addresses issues associated with effective policy-making. This volume fills an important gap in the knowledge of the consequences of EWL and it will be an invaluable source for both researchers and policymakers.
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    Extending the Analysis of Functional Ability Trajectories to Unexplored National Contexts: The Case of Chile
    (SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2021) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Villalobos Dintrans, Pablo; Browne Salas, Jorge
    Objectives Despite the enormous advances in the field, most evidence about functional ability trajectories in old age comes from studies conducted in developed and high-income countries. This research aims to build on these previous advances to examine functional ability trajectories in Chile. Method Drawing on a robust, publicly available 15-year panel data set (2004-2018), and using sequence analysis, we examine functional ability trajectories types among 4 age groups (people aged 46-50, 51-55, 56-60, and 61-64 at baseline). Then, we analyze trajectories' dynamics looking at intraindividual health-declining and health-recovery transitions between functional ability statuses, within each trajectory type. Finally, we assess how multiple baseline individual characteristics predict the likelihood of following a functional ability trajectory type, using multinomial regression models. Results Across all age groups, an important fraction (between 26% and 50%) reports stable healthy trajectories, and between 10% and 20% follow equivocal-declining trajectories (i.e., exhibiting both health-declining and health-recovery intraindividual transitions), suggesting that age might not be the main source of heterogeneity in functional ability trajectories. Overall, women, lower educated people, nonworking individuals, and people with a higher burden of chronic conditions at baseline are more prevalent among health-declining trajectory types; however, these results are not constant across the age groups analyzed. Discussion This nationally focused study reinforces the feasibility and usefulness of an in-depth analysis of functional ability trajectories in old age. The study findings can be crucial to define different prevention strategies according to the functional ability path that an individual might follow, especially in countries like Chile that currently navigate the challenges of population aging.
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    Functional limitations among Chilean older adults: the impact of childhood socioeconomic position and employment trajectories
    (2021) Valencia Pinilla, Rocío Fernanda; Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Medicina
    Objectives: Based on a life course perspective, we explored the effects of childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and employment trajectories on functional limitations among older people living in Santiago, Chile. Methods: Data were drawn from a comprehensive and representative life history dataset of persons aged 65-75. We used logistic regression analyses to assess the effects of childhood SEP and employment trajectories on functional limitations, including 3 physical domains. Results: Low childhood SEP and employment trajectories characterized by informal and part-time work negatively affect functional limitations in old age. Both seem to have a direct effect on functional ability. Discussion: The life course approach could enrich the study of functional limitations, helping to better understand how social factors impact older people's functional ability. This, in turn, could help optimize the design of public policies and strategies to reduce the number of years of life dependent on others, thus promoting healthy aging.
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    Gendered retirement pathways across lifecourse regimes
    (2021) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Le Feuvre, Nicky; Konig, Stefanie
    In order to capture the rapidly changing reality of older workers, it is important to study retirement not as a one-off transition, but rather as a series of diverse pathways that unfold during the period before and after reaching the full retirement age. The retirement transitions of men and women have been shown to vary widely according to individual characteristics such as health, education and marital status, but also according to macro-institutional factors, such as welfare regimes and gender norms. While there is a consensus about the combined influence of institutional and individual factors in shaping retirement transitions, previous research has rarely included both levels of analysis. This study aims to close this research gap. Using a pooled-country dataset from three panel surveys, covering 11 nations, we examine the retirement pathways of 1,594 women and 1,105 men during a 12-year period (2004-2016) around the country- and gender-specific full pension age. Results show that retirement pathways diverge considerably across countries and lifecourse regimes. The distribution of men and women between the different pathways is also variable, both within and across societal contexts. More importantly, the influence of individual-level characteristics, such as education, on the gendering of retirement pathways is not identical across societal contexts. These findings provide useful insights into the gender-differentiated implications of policies aimed at extending working lives.
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    Health among workers retiring after the state pension age: a longitudinal and comparative study
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2022) Baumann, Isabel; Froidevaux, Ariane; Madero Cabib, Ignacio
    Background: In recent decades, many countries have observed increasing labor force participation beyond the state pension age (SPA). However, there is a lack of research on employment beyond SPA and how it relates to older workers’ health. Moreover, there is a need to better understand how institutional factors affect the relationship between older workers’ employment and health. In this study, we examine simultaneous employment and health trajectories over 11 years in 12 countries from Europe and the Americas, and study how these trajectories differ by welfare state regime and level of old-age pension redistribution. Methods: We used a harmonized pooled-country dataset of 3699 older workers based on four representative panel surveys: the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), and the Chilean Social Protection Survey (EPS). We conducted multichannel sequence analysis to estimate the types of simultaneous employment–health trajectories, and multinomial regression analysis to examine the relationship between trajectory types and institutional factors. Results: We found that late retirement was equally associated with poor and good health. There is also a higher prevalence of late retirement trajectories in combination with poor health in liberal welfare regimes and in countries with lower levels of old-age pension redistribution. Conclusion: Our study indicates that nonliberal welfare regimes and redistributive old-age pension policies may be better suited to protect vulnerable workers while providing those in good health with the opportunity to work beyond the SPA.
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    How have women's employment patterns during young adulthood changed in Chile? A cohort study
    (2019) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Undurraga Riesco, María del Rosario; Valenzuela, Cristian
    The period of young adulthood is a decisive stage for women's employment pathways. Individual characteristics (such as marriage, parenting and education) and contextual factors (decommodification, defamilialisation and labour-market flexibility, for example) play a significant role in shaping work trajectories during these years. However, due to cultural, social and economic change, employment histories during young adulthood may vary significantly among women of different generations. This study analyses and compares long-term employment patterns during young adulthood (defined as ages 25 to 39) among two cohorts of women born around 1958 (N = 2,244) and 1969 (N = 2,231) in Chile, an under-studied country in life-course research. We analyse four major dimensions of female employment patterns across cohorts - (1) diversity, (2) prevalence, (3) dynamism and (4) socio-demographic characteristics - and propose four corresponding hypotheses. To test these hypotheses, we used data from Chile's Social Protection Survey - an exceptionally rich longitudinal survey and employed sequence analysis to construct a typology of labour-force trajectories for each cohort. The results show some elements of continuity between cohorts' employment patterns, such as their diversity and socio-demographics, as well as important changes in their prevalence and dynamism. In the concluding section, we discuss the contributions of this in-depth single-country study for the field of life-course research, particularly to the cultural and policy implications of the current configuration of women's working lives.
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    INCREASING THE FULL PENSION AGE AND EXTENDING WORKING LIFE? INPUTS FOR THE DISCUSSION ON EMPLOYMENT AMONG OLDER PEOPLE IN CHILE
    (2019) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Palomo Velez, Rodrigo; Jofre Bustos, Maria Soledad
    Based on national and international literature, in this manuscript we discuss different dimensions involved in policies that seek to encourage employment for older persons as well as retirement beyond full pension age. Concretely, we first discuss the current labor force participation of older men and women, their working conditions, and the occupational trajectories and pension contribution histories of individuals who are now close to the retirement age. Second, we refer to the ongoing discussion on the extension of working life and the delay of the full pension age in different countries. Third we discuss the main health challenges that older people in Chile currently face. Fourth, we refer to the cultural context associated with older individuals in this country. Finally, in the conclusion, we summarize the discussed aspects through the manuscript and suggest orientations that, from our point of view, should consider a public policy that seeks to encourage later retirement.
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    LeverAge: A European network to leverage the multi-age workforce
    (2024) Marcus, Justin; Scheibe, Susanne; Kooij, Dorien; Truxillo, Donald M.; Zaniboni, Sara; Abuladze, Liili; Al Mursi, Noura; Bamberger, Peter A.; Balytska, Mariia; Betanzos, Norma D.; Perek-Bialas, Jolanta; Boehm, Stephan Alexander; Burmeister, Anne; Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Caon, Maurizio; Deller, Juergen; Derous, Eva; Drury, Lisbeth; Eppler-Hattab, Raphael; Fasbender, Ulrike; Fueloep, Marta; Furunes, Trude; Gerpott, Fabiola H.; Gostautaite, Bernadeta; Halvorsen, Cal J.; Hernaus, Tomislav; Inceoglu, Ilke; Iskifoglu, Mustafa; Ivanoska, Kalina Sotiroska; Kanfer, Ruth; Kenig, Nikolina; Kiran, Sibel; Klimek, Sabina; Kunze, Florian; Mertan, Emete Biran; Varianou-Mikellidou, Cleo; Moasa, Horia; Ng, Yin Lu; Parker, Sharon K.; Reh, Susan; Resuli, Vebina; Schmeink, Martina; Silberg, Slavka; Sousa, Ines C.; Steiner, Dirk D.; Stukalina, Yulia; Tomas, Jasmina; Topa, Gabriela; Turek, Konrad; Vignoli, Michela; von Bonsdorff, Monika; Wang, Dahua; Wang, Mo; Yeung, Dannii Yuen-lan; Yildirim, Kemal; Zhang, Xin; Znidarsic, Jana
    Bringing together 150+ scholars and practitioners from 50+ countries, and funded by the European Commission, COST Action LeverAge (https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA22120/) is the first network-building project of its kind in the work and organizational psychology and human resource management (WOP/HRM) aspects of work and aging. Focused on the aging workforce, the Action aims to foster interdisciplinary and multinational scientific excellence and the translation of science to practical and societal impact across 4 years. Based on a research synthesis, we identify five broad research directions for work and aging science including work and organizational practices for a multi-age workforce, successful aging at work, the integration of age-diverse workers and knowledge transfer, aging and technology at work, and career development in later life and retirement. We provide key research questions to guide scientific inquiry along these five research directions alongside best practice recommendations to expand scholarly impact in WOP/HRM.
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    Lifetime employment, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption trajectories and cardiovascular diseases in old age
    (2021) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Azar Denecken, Ariel Ricardo; Bambs S., Claudia
    Despite the great advances of life course epidemiology studies during the last decade in understanding the general health effects of employment trajectories, research has yet to evaluate the effects of employment trajectories along with other major risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)—the main cause of deaths worldwide. This is highly relevant, since health advantages in one domain (e.g., being a permanent formal full-time worker) may offset health disadvantages in other domains (e.g., being a regular smoker or alcohol consumer); conversely, disadvantages in both domains may interact, leading to even greater health risks. Considering these knowledge gaps, this research has two main objectives: (1) to reconstruct simultaneous employment, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption trajectories over the life course(from birth to old age) and (2) to measure the association between these trajectories and CVD in old age. Drawing on a rich and comprehensive life history dataset and using multichannel sequence and regression analyses, we analyzed a cohort of individuals aged 65–75 in Chile, a Latin American country with high social inequalities and scarce research on this matter. Our study shows that following a trajectory of formal employment together with no tobacco and alcohol use reduces CVD risk by 36 percentage points relative to a similar employment trajectory but with regular tobacco and alcohol use. Even with an employment trajectory characterized by constant informal employment or permanent inactivity, a life course free of regular tobacco and alcohol use shows protective effects against CVD. This study stresses the importance of health policies that consider CVD as a condition that strongly depends on individual experiences in multiple life domains and across different lifestages.