Capítulos de libros
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Browsing Capítulos de libros by browse.metadata.categoria "Ciencias de la tierra"
Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- Item50-years of climate extreme indices trends and inventory of natural disasters in Chilean cities (1965-2015)(Springer, 2019) Henríquez, Cristián; Qüense, Jorge; Villarroel, Claudia; Mallea, Cindy; Henríquez, Cristián; Romero, Hugo
- ItemDomestic Uses of Water(Springer, 2021) Molinos Senante, María; Donoso H., GuillermoSince many years ago, Chile has made several efforts and reforms to provide drinking water for domestic uses, and has become a success story and example for urban settings in Latin America. Although the coverage of drinking water supply is almost universal (99.9%) in Chilean cities, in rural areas however the coverage is only 52.3%, and drinking water supply services are managed by local communities through a national program implemented since 1964 by the Ministerio de Obras Públicas, MOP. The legal and institutional framework of the water and sanitation sector in Chile is described for urban and rural areas. Then, the evolution of urban water supply, including coverage, consumption, and its main sources is presented, followed by the evolution of rural water supply. Water supply continuity and the vulnerability to drought are also analysed, as well as the informal rural water supply. Finally, some conclusions about the current situation of the sanitary sector are provided
- ItemFar-field tsunami data assimilation for the 2015 Illapel earthquake(2019) Wang, Y.; Satake, K.; Cienfuegos Carrasco, Rodrigo Alberto; Quiroz, M.; Navarrete Campos, Paula Cristina
- ItemFruit Firmness and Fruit Retention Strength in Raspberry Cultivars in Chile(2002) Bañados Ortiz, Maria Pilar; Zoffoli Guerra, Juan Pablo; Soto, A.; González, J.; Brennan, R. M.; Gordon, S. L.; Williamson, B.Raspberries have a short shelf life, which limits their fresh market potential. Fruit firmness is one of the most important characteristics for a fresh market cultivar, which is related to both the stage of maturity and the variety itself. Fruit retention strength define as the tension force needed to remove the receptacle from the fruit, decreases as fruit mature, and it is also cultivar dependent. The objectives of this work were to evaluate fruit firmness and fruit retention strength in 14 raspberry cultivars in Chile, and also to examine some morphological changes that occur during the fresh-frozen-thaw cycles fruits at the cellular level. To do these fresh berries were harvested at 3 different maturity stages: pink-red, red-ripe and over-ripe (processing ripe). Fruit firmness was measured using a Texture Expert TA-XT2 with a 2 mm embol. Fruit strength was measured with an adaptation of a Dindometer, an instrument that registers the tension force needed to remove the receptacle from the fruit. Electron microscopy was used to examine changes at cellular level between fresh and freeze-thaw berries in three cultivars. We found that in all 14 cultivars fruit firmness decreased with maturity. The largest differences in fruit firmness among cultivars were established at early stages of maturity. The firmest cultivar at pink-red stage was 'Chilliwack' (1.23 N), followed by 'Tulameen' (0.91 N), 'Heritage' (0.73 N) and 'Skeena' (0.68 N). 'Autumn Bliss' was the softest cultivar (0.24 N). Fruit strength also decreased as fruit matured in all 14 cultivars. In this case larger differences among them were also established at pink-red stage. 'Amity' (6.9 N) and 'Fallgold' (6.22 N) required higher amounts of force to remove the receptacle, producing in many cases broken fruits with missing drupelets. 'Yellow Meeker' (1.61 N) and 'Heritage' (2.12 N) had the lowest retention force, and therefore are the easiest cultivars to pick at early stages of maturity. Cellular dehydration was observed in 'Tulameen' after a freeze-thaw cycle. 'Heritage' showed cell dehydration and partial damaged on its epidermis. In 'Amity' a general plasmolysis was observed after a freeze-thaw cycle. Fruit firmness was not necessarily associated with morphological changes of individually quick frozen (IQF) berries. There are probably some physical characteristics of the epidermis of the fruit in the different cultivars that make some cultivars more susceptible to damage during the freeze-thaw process.
- ItemSalares altiplánicos de Atacama: soportes de ecologías, culturas y economías en territorios de naturaleza extrema(Editorial Instituto Juan De Herrera, 2021) Arizaga Soto, Ana Ximena; Moreno, Osvaldo; Román, EmiliaEl Altiplano de Atacama en el norte de Chile, se caracteriza por la existencia de sistemas hídricos de altura: ríos, lagunas y lagos salinos que sustentan ecosistemas complejos, poco estudiados y de alta relevancia, donde simultáneamente se llevan adelante desarrollos industriales y mineros de alto impacto. En medio de este imponente contexto, subsisten comunidades de pueblos originarios y tradiciones mineras que - basados en sus prácticas de habitabilidad y economía vernáculas - han modelado durante siglos un valioso paisaje cultural. De esta forma, estos paisajes de la sal se constituyen en un recurso estratégico para economías de distinta escala como son el turismo de intereses especiales y la minería, que compiten por el uso y organización del territorio. El artículo plantea una aproximación para la comprensión de las potencialidades de uso de ese territorio, basada en la delimitación de su área de influencia entendida en distintas dimensiones ambientales y socio-económicas; y, su relación con el dimensionamiento de los impactos de la industria extractiva; en miras a dilucidar la aplicabilidad del principio de precaución.
- ItemTable grape (Vitis vinifera L.)(Woodhead, 2011) Zoffoli Guerra, Juan Pablo; Latorre, B. A.Table grapes produce clusters of berries on deciduous woody vines. The berries are simple non-climacteric fleshy fruits. Currently, 'Thompson Seedless', 'Red Globe' and 'Flame Seedless' are the main cultivars worldwide. The growth period lasts for 100 to 120 days after full bloom, and grapes are harvested with 15 to 17% total soluble solids (TSS) and/or a TSS: titratable acidity ratio greater than 20. Several biotic and abiotic factors cause postharvest deterioration of grapes, particularly when grapes are transported to markets involving a journey of 15 to 40 days. The critical factors involved in postharvest handling and management of table grapes are reviewed and discussed in this chapter.