Capítulos de libros

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Browsing Capítulos de libros by browse.metadata.categoriaods "15 Vida de ecosistemas terrestres"

Now showing 1 - 11 of 11
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    A Vision for Global Biodiversity Monitoring With Citizen Science
    (2018) Pocock, Michael J. O.; Chandler, Mark; Bonney, Rick; Thornhill, Ian; Albin, Anna; August, Tom; Bachman, Steven; Brown, Peter M. J.; Fernandes Cunha, Davi Gasparini; Grez, Audrey; Jackson, Colin; Peters, Monica; Rabarijaon, Narindra Romer; Roy, Helen E.; Zaviezo Palacios, Tania; Danielsen, Finn
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    Biogeographic regionalization
    (2010) Moreira Muñoz, Andrés
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    New Politics: Sovereignty, Representation, and the Nonhuman
    (2020) Donoso Moscoso, Alfonso Luis
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    Regulation and Protection of Urban Wetlands: A Comparative Analysis in Chile, Colombia, and Peru
    (Springer, 2024) Moschella, Paola; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Velásquez, Carlos Javier; Capera, Ingrid
    Latin American countries have a set of legal instruments and public policies that contribute to the protection of urban wetlands against the pressure of city expansion that threatens their extent and quality. With the aim of discussing the role of public policies and regulations in the protection of urban wetlands, the situation in Chile, Colombia, and Peru is analyzed in a comparative manner. These countries are examples of diverse regulations and wetland biodiversity in urban environments. Legal instruments for environmental protection and conservation, spatial planning, and urban planning relevant to the management of urban wetlands are analyzed. In addition, advances in regulation and protection of urban wetlands are evaluated and contrasted based on national-level indicators. The lack of effective protection measures is demonstrated. The three countries have adhered to the Ramsar Convention to protect their wetlands and have established Ramsar sites; however, their existence does not stop the pressures and threats to the wetlands. It is identified that Peru has a larger surface area of Ramsar sites and that Colombia has the most extensive Ramsar urban wetland. It is highlighted that Chile has a recent urban wetlands law, while in Colombia and Peru the category of urban wetland does not exist in legislation. Meanwhile, in the protected natural areas, urban wetlands practically have no presence. Among the main weaknesses are the disarticulation between sectors and planning scales; in addition to outdated planning instruments regarding current challenges such as climate change, the water crisis, and the loss of biodiversity.
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    Sub-Antarctic High Andean “Gardeners”: Cultivating Caring Relationships
    (2023) Méndez, Manuela O.; Marini, Guillermo; Rozzi, Ricardo
    This chapter presents a case study of the Field Environmental Philosophy four-step cycle methodology in the sub-Antarctic high Andean zone. First, based on ecological and philosophical research, we problematize the use of the term “Andean Desert” for naming this ecosystem. Second, we propose the metaphor “High Andean sub-Antarctic Gardeners” to transform our mental image from a desert toward a plant world dominated by habits that promote cooperation and care among co-inhabitants in a specific geographical place. Third, we describe a guided activity with an ecological and ethical orientation, “Co-inhabiting as high Andean cushion plants.” Through this experience, we understand that, in nature, just as in human society, there is not only competition but also much collaboration and symbiosis to co-inhabit and flourish. Four, we contribute to habilitate areas for in situ conservation in order to protect habitats, species, and their interactions. This case illustrates how to put into practice a pedagogical aesthetic experience that considers bodies, emotions, and minds of the participants while learning about ecological relationships and their ethical implications in a pre-reflexive way. This activity also reminds us about our indissoluble union with the world and its ethical implications. The “gardeners” teach us through their life habits the relevance of cooperation for flourishing together in difficult contexts. In that sense, through our life habits, we can modify habitats in such ways that allow (or not) co-inhabitants to flourish.
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    Table grape (Vitis vinifera L.)
    (Woodhead, 2011) Zoffoli Guerra, Juan Pablo; Latorre, B. A.
    Table grapes produce clusters of berries on deciduous woody vines. The berries are simple non-climacteric fleshy fruits. Currently, 'Thompson Seedless', 'Red Globe' and 'Flame Seedless' are the main cultivars worldwide. The growth period lasts for 100 to 120 days after full bloom, and grapes are harvested with 15 to 17% total soluble solids (TSS) and/or a TSS: titratable acidity ratio greater than 20. Several biotic and abiotic factors cause postharvest deterioration of grapes, particularly when grapes are transported to markets involving a journey of 15 to 40 days. The critical factors involved in postharvest handling and management of table grapes are reviewed and discussed in this chapter.
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    The importance of protected areas in mitigating climate change and conserving ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean
    (Springer, 2022) Ibarra Eliessetch Jose Tomas; Bonacic Salas Cristian; Constanza, Arévalo; Laker, Jerry; Mohamed Behnassi; Himangana Gupta; Mirza Barjees Baig; Ijaz Rasool Noorka
    Biodiversity conservation in a world under climate change is a significant challenge for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), which holds 60% of global terrestrial life. Six of the ten most biodiverse countries (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela) are in LAC, and biodiversity hotspots are well-represented along the region’s coasts and mainland. The region has the most significant areas of tropical forest and large portions of subtropical forests, temperate steppe, and subantarctic Patagonia. Protected areas offer opportunities to conserve unique biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, and mitigate climate change effects. LAC’s contribution to carbon capture, by protecting extensive forests and other natural ecosystems, is potentially opening tremendous economic opportunities under the green economy paradigm. This chapter describes the current status of protected areas in LAC and explains how this conservation mechanism should play a mitigation role. LAC’s protected areas cover almost all types of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and their number is increasing in the region. Although protected areas mitigate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, climate change and traditional environmental problems like deforestation, mining, and agriculture affect the viability of protected areas. Thus, their expansion and connectivity throughout the region are crucial to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. Nature is also essential to the region’s biocultural diversity, including a miriad of complex cosmovisions and traditions. In LAC’s unique ecosystems, rich biodiversity is spatially correlated with rich cultural diversity, granting opportunity for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities to lead experiences in managing protected areas in biologically and culturally diverse ecosystems of LAC.
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    Toolkit para la gestión y conservación de humedales: una propuesta de fortalecimiento a su actual institucionalidad
    (Centro de Políticas Públicas, PUC, 2020) Bergamini Ladrón de Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Martínez Reyes, Carolina del Pilar; Mollenhauer Gajardo, Katherine Alejandra; Pérez, Cristián; Hernández, José; Gutiérrez, Patricia; Centro de Políticas Públicas UC; UC
    El diagnóstico realizado permitió concluir que los problemas de gestión y conservación de humedales se sintetizan en: a) visión elitista, dispersión y contradicción del cuerpo normativo que regula la conservación y gestión; b) gran cantidad de organismos con atribuciones nominales sobre su conservación y gestión; y c) la deficiente gestión que realizan los organismos en la conservación de humedales. Para avanzar en mejorar la gestión y conservación que se da sobre estos ecosistemas, mientras se esperan cambios legales o reglamentarios, se trabajó en el desarrollo de un toolkit, optimizando el acceso a información y procesos de utilidad para los órganos públicos, pero sobre todo para los ciudadanos. El proyecto de investigación consideró un enfoque interdisciplinario, con una estrategia metodológica que articula métodos propios de las ciencias geográficas, ecológicas, jurídicas y del diseño estratégico, a través de la “triangulación metodológica” entre métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos orientados al diseño de servicios públicos. Como producto se obtuvo una guía que incorporó: a) una definición de humedales para todo tipo de público; b) un sistema de clasificación de efectos y conductas que se dan en humedales; c) un mapa consolidado de órganos fiscalizadores y sus roles; d) indicaciones para hacer denuncias de acuerdo a la normativa vigente; e) el flujo del proceso de fiscalización y sanción; f) las indicaciones para el proceso de tramitación de la denuncia, y g) el proceso para retroalimentación de la fiscalización y sanción en el marco de la denuncia. Elaborado por un equipo conformado por Kay Bergamini del Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales UC, Carolina Martínez del Instituto de Geografía UC, Katherine Mollenhauer de la Escuela de Diseño UC, Cristián Pérez del Centro de Gestión Ambiental y Biodiversidad de la Universidad de Chile, José Hernández de la Facultad de Derecho y Gobierno de la Universidad San Sebastián, y Patricia Gutiérrez del Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad Católica de Temuco.
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    Urban Wetland Losses and Land-Use Conservation Challenges in Three Latin American Cities
    (Springer, 2024) Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Munizaga, Juan; Moschella, Paola; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Martínez, Carolina
    Wetlands are valuable and threatened ecosystems throughout the world. They are essential for the maintenance of life and ecological balance, in addition to providing a larger number of benefits to human societies. Wetlands reduce the risk of flooding by regulating the flow of water, being essential to reduce the impacts of climate change, especially along the coasts and coastal cities of the world. Urban growth poses a risk to wetlands in and around urban areas. In this work, we quantify the loss trends of wetlands in urban areas in three Latin American countries between the years 2002 and 2019. We selected as case studies the wetlands of Aconcagua in Chile, Ciénaga de Mallorquín in Colombia, and Pantanos de Villa in Peru. Through multitemporal analysis of Quickbird satellite imagery collections, we classify land covers at 2.5-m resolution and identify areas covered by wetland. We quantify the losses and gains of the wetland areas and the areas surrounding them. We found that the three wetlands analyzed lost area, confirming the worldwide trend of loss. The Ciénaga de Mallorquín wetland was the one that decreased the most due to coastal dynamics and urbanization. The Pantanos de Villa wetland reduced its area due to the increase in urban areas that grew filling the wetland under the pressure of informal settlements and beach condominiums. Lastly, the Aconcagua wetland was reduced due to the increase in grasslands together with the increase in bare soil, also affecting the beaches and dunes. In all three case studies, urban wetlands decreased due to urban growth. For this reason, we call attention to the urgency of improving urban planning to ensure the maintenance of these key ecosystems to ensure more sustainable and resilient cities, as proposed by Sustainable Development Goal 11.
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    Urban Wetlands Protection Law in Chile. A Successful Tool for Urban Planning
    (Springer, 2024) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra
    Urban wetlands in Chile have been recognized as spaces of biodiversity, recreation, flood mitigation, and other benefits. They have also been highly valued by the population and defended by the community, especially in the face of alterations to their hydrological cycle and loss of surface area, giving rise to a strong and organized movement in defense of urban wetlands. At the same time, one of the most significant laws in environmental terms for Chile, considered one of the most neoliberal countries in the world, was being developed. The law for the protection of Urban Wetlands 21.202, enacted in 2020, aims to halt indiscriminate real estate development on wetlands and integrate them into city planning.From a scientific perspective, this chapter addresses the role of scientific evidence in achieving this law, presenting various case studies that allowed for a focus on sustainability and territorial planning in the law’s development. Nowadays, more than 10,000 ha of wetlands have been declared, presenting a significant opportunity for the development of green infrastructure projects and nature-based solutions.