3.18 Tesis doctorado

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A framework to analyze institutional systems for managing and governing water resources
(2023) Blanco, Elisa; Donoso H., Guillermo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales
Garantizar el acceso al agua implica más que una cuestión de disponibilidad, sino también una cuestión de gestión y gobernanza. Si bien algunos sistemas hídricos han demostrado éxito en la gestión eficiente de sus escasos recursos, muchos enfrentan desafíos cuando se trata de organizar y coordinar la asignación y gestión sostenible de sus recursos. Para comprender los sistemas de recursos naturales, se han desarrollado los Principios de Diseño de Bienes Comunes, los Sistemas Socio-ecológicos (SES, por sus siglas en inglés) y el marco de Análisis y Desarrollo Institucional (Institutional Analysis and Development framework, IAD), todos ellos arraigados en teorías de acción colectiva. Estas teorías se han empleado para comprender las formas en que operan los sistemas institucionales complejos y los, a menudo, intrincados procesos de toma de decisiones que tienen lugar dentro de ellos. Al mismo tiempo, para establecer reglas y comprender los roles dentro de estos sistemas institucionales, se ha desarrollado la teoría del diseño de mecanismos. Estas teorías aún no se han adaptado completamente para incorporar las complejidades y la fragmentación inherentes a los marcos institucionales del agua. Por lo tanto, la presente tesis pretende contribuir al avance del conocimiento y la comprensión sobre la gestión de los sistemas socio-ecológicos hídricos. Aspira a comprender, desentrañar, analizar y aplicar estas teorías, hacia el análisis de los sistemas hídricos. Con ello, el objetivo es desarrollar un marco analítico que pueda estudiar y comprender mejor los sistemas socio-ecológicos del agua para mejorar sus instituciones y gobernanza. Al hacerlo, este trabajo busca ofrecer orientación a una audiencia amplia, incluidos usuarios del agua, investigadores, formuladores de políticas y autoridades responsables de diseñar políticas y proteger la sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos.
Amino acids as modulators of the production of hydrogen sulfide in problematic wine fermentations.
(2019) Paredes Martínez, María José Carolina; Bordeu Schwarze, Edmundo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
All stages of winemaking can present problems, but alcoholic fermentation is, in particular, the stage with most complications. During wine fermentation some conditions can result in sluggish or stuck fermentations. The information provided by routine measurements has not been sufficient to detect and diagnose the state of the fermentation, and in case of paralization, rescue it on time. Hence, real-time monitoring of key variables, using advanced instrumentation, would anticipate problematic situations. Nitrogen is one of the most studied variables for sluggish or stuck fermentations. However, only a fraction of the available nitrogen is assimilated by the yeasts, constituted by ammonium ions and free α-amino acids. Nitrogen compounds have also been associated to be key factors in volatile compounds formation, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Sulfide release during winemaking is a longstanding and serious problem. H2S is a malodorous compound with a low sensory threshold. It’s produced as metabolic requirement of yeast for synthesizing sulphur compounds. Its formation is carried out by the sulfate reduction pathway starting from organic and inorganic sources, such as sulfites, cysteine, and glutathione. The role of amino acids and ammonium on H2S formation has shown a high variability. Individual yeast nitrogen requirements, as well as its assimilation capacity of nitrogen compounds, together with the time nitrogen is supplemented during fermentation, are oenological factors that influence sulfide formation. Furthermore, yeast variability in sulfide metabolic regulation has also a major impact on H2S formation. Genetic variability, in the form of differential allelic expression controlling sulfide reduction pathway or adjacent routes, has been found to be a decisive trait that affects yeast capacity to produce H2S. However, this information hasn’t been able to help predict and control sulfide formation through alcoholic fermentation. Considering the above, in this research nitrogen, specifically its organic sources, is studied, as regulator of H2S formation. For this, the evolution of amino acids profile during wine fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon must was measured. Two problematic fermentations conditions were evaluated, high initial sugar concentration and low initial assimilable nitrogen content, besides the standard winery condition, with four commercial wine yeast. Samples were collected at 24 hours intervals until the maximum amount of H2S was produced. Amino acids were evaluated by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), allowing their quantification. A colorimetric method was exclusively developed to accurately quantify H2S production. Depending on the initial condition of the fermentation some amino acid showed a characteristic evolution profile, distinctive to each yeast. Most importantly, a unique H2S release patron was established for each wine yeast in relation to the starting conditions of the must fermentation.
Ascophyllum nodosum-derived biostimulants modulate plant development through the regulation of hormones signaling
(2023) Pozo Valdés, Josefa del; O'Brien, José; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
In agriculture, biostimulants derived from Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (ANE) have been widely used as growth stimulants and for protecting crops against biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite their widespread use, we have limited knowledge about how these biostimulants work and their role in influencing phytohormones throughout the plant. To shed light on this, we conducted a study using two commercial ANE biostimulants, Exelgrow (EG) and Exelmax (EM), which are produced through different methods. The main objective was to characterize and compare the effects of these biostimulants on the phenotype and hormonal signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings reveal that EG and EM exhibit different biostimulant activity in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, EG promotes cytokinin (CK) signaling and suppresses auxin (AUX) signaling in the root meristem, while EM stimulates AUX and inhibits CK signaling. The transcriptomic analysis provided insights into their mechanism of action, revealing a priming effect against stress. EG interacts mainly with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate pathways, collectively regulating the plant's response to various biotic stresses. On the other hand, EM interacts with the brassinosteroids (BR) pathway, regulating ROS signals and defense against nematodes and pathogens. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis suggest that EM could be indirectly regulating AUX through the downregulation of BR signaling.
Biocultural Approaches to Pluralized Bird Conservation in Globally Important Social-ecological Wetland Systems
(2024) Araneda Cid, Paola; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales
To be pluralising and just, conservation science and practice must embrace diverse worldviews. Wetlands are intricate repositories of knowledge where biophysical, social, and spiritual dimensions are profoundly intertwined. Birds connect people to wetlands, foster a sense of rootedness, and emotionally link individuals to their places. This thesis examined how situated human-bird interactions -manifested in knowledges, practices, and beliefs- of local wetland inhabitants in the Río Cruces wetland, are composed and being transformed by social-ecological processes, and how we can use this to move towards more effective and just biocultural conservation. The Río Cruces wetland, in Chile's Valdivian Hotspot, is the country's first Ramsar site and has faced significant socio-environmental transfor-mations. Surveys were conducted in 2021 with 41 participants in 8 localities around the Río Cruces wetland. We used interview kits as cultural probes for individual mapping and “memory walks”. The first chapter highlighted the need for targeted research on biocultural approaches to wetland birds. Secondly, wetland birds in Río Cruces played a significant role in biocultural knowledge containment, highlighting the importance of wetlands in memory storage. Finally, I reaffirm the crucial role of sense of place and identity in foster-ing the engagement needed to achieve conservation objectives.
Brassinosteroids as a tool for color improvement in red table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).
(2019) Vergara Valderrama, Alexis Esteban; Pérez Donoso, Alonso Gastón; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Characterization of seed dormancy of Nolana (Solanaceae) in the coastal Atacama Desert of Chile.
(2019) Hepp, Josefina; Contreras E., Samuel; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Characterization of the primocane flowering trait in the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and the effect of low temperature
(2018) Contreras Moya, Elida; Gambardella C., Marina; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Characterization of viral agents present in tomato crops in Arica and Parinacota Region of Northern Chile
(2019) Rojas Bertini, Claudia Andrea; Rosales V., Marlene; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Copper-litter-soil interaction assessment in fruit tree productive systems
(2021) Schoffer Navarro, Jorge Tomás; Ginocchio Cea, Rosanna; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Las altas concentraciones de cobre en el suelo pueden provocar efectos adversos en los sistemas naturales y agrícolas. En este contexto, los plaguicidas a base de cobre se han utilizado para el control de enfermedades microbianas en los sistemas productivos de árboles frutales durante más de 200 años. Por lo tanto, el Cu se puede acumular en suelos agrícolas, afectando la microbiota del suelo y la degradación de la hojarasca. En este sentido, la hojarasca de árboles frutales puede constituir una barrera contra la incorporación de plaguicidas que contienen Cu en el suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto protector de la hojarasca contra la incorporación de Cu en el suelo, en términos de su relación lignina/N, en sistemas frutales en el centro de Chile. Los resultados confirman que la hojarasca ejerce un papel protector contra la incorporación de pesticidas que contienen Cu en el suelo, ya que el Cu se acumuló hasta 13 veces más en la hojarasca que en el suelo. Sin embargo, no fue posible discriminar si este papel protector afecta favorablemente la actividad microbiana del suelo. La función protectora no dependió de la relación lignina/N de la hojarasca como indicador de la capacidad de adsorción de Cu de la hojarasca y su degradación. Se deben realizar más estudios para evaluar si este papel protector de la hojarasca se manifiesta como una menor toxicidad de Cu en un bioindicador más adecuado, como las lombrices.
Data assimilation for modeling biophysical variables in Central Chile vineyards
(2022) García Gutiérrez, Víctor Alfonso; Meza, Francisco Javier; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Given the importance of phenology and evapotranspiration in Mediterranean vineyards, this doctoral thesis aims to answer the question, “How much does a model based on data assimilation with Sentinel-2 improve the goodness of fit of methods that estimate vineyard phenology and evapotranspiration?”. Chapter 2, entitled “Modeling phenology combining Data Assimilation techniques and Bioclimatic Indices in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in Central Chile,” has the objective of evaluating a phenology model based on data assimilation with a phenological weather model and Sentinel-2 land surface phenology. Additionally, Chapter 3, entitled “Evaluation of Penman-Monteith Model Based on Sentinel-2 Data for the Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration in Vineyards”, evaluates the Penman-Monteith model for remote sensing data based on the Leuning approach and a novel approach that incorporates the Stewart stomatal conductance model, by comparing independent data from an eddy covariance system. Finally, Chapter 4 concludes with the key findings and limitations of the research, and consequently, future research is proposed.
Development of predictive and detection models for internal browning, watercore and bitter pit in apples using Vis-NIR spectrometry.
(2019) Mogollón Lancheros, Miguel René; Zoffoli, Juan Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Development of Run1Ren1 grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera) resistant to Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew)
(2022) Sosa Zúñiga, Viviana; Arce Johnson, Jorge Patricio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Eco-morphological effects of large wood in mountain basins, under different level of forest management
(2018) Ugalde Pascual, Fernando Javier; Mao, Luca; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Economic modelling of water storage, irrigation and crop choice under water scarcity
(2023) Strappa García de la Huerta, Valentina; Melo Contreras, Óscar; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales
In the context of climate change's impact on water resources, this thesis investigates three adaptive strategies for water use in agriculture: - Changing the irrigation policy: Examining farmers' responses to water availability uncertainty, especially for permanent crops, the study employs a dynamic economic model considering intertemporal effects. The results emphasize the tradeoff between water dose and crop area under water restrictions, crucial for optimal irrigation decisions.- Water storage policies: Addressing the need for efficient water management, the research focus on dam operating rules. Integrating rational expectations, the study develops optimal storage policies based on expected future water resources. Findings underscore the importance of bounded capacity in mitigating the effects of decreased mean water inflows.- Changing the crop mix: Exploring water scarcity's impact on crop choice in low- to medium-income nations, the study proposes an economic model where water, not land, is the primary decision variable for farmers. The research employs a multinomial logistic structure to analyze water allocations for crop choices in Peru.This interdisciplinary research integrates dynamic economic modeling to provide insights into optimal irrigation, water storage, and crop choice strategies, contributing to understanding adaptive responses amid changing climatic conditions and resource pressures.
Efecto del fotoperiodo sobre la estacionalidad reproductiva en guanacos (Lama guanicoe) hembras
(2019) Correa Estrada, Lina María; Riveros Fernández, José Luis; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Effect of El Niño-southern oscillation on population dynamic of Scartichthys viridis in the central Chile coast
(2020) Espinoza Inostroza, Carmen Valeria; Gilabert P., Horacio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
El fenómeno de El Niño (ENSO) afecta la dinámica poblacional de Scartichthys viridis, este es el pez más abundante en el intermareal rocoso de Chile central. Analizamos el impacto de ENSO a nivel comunitario, poblacional e individual, y determinar cuál factor es más importante: la temperatura del agua de mar o la disponibilidad de alimento. Vimos que los tres factores afectan a los peces del intermareal. Y que las características de las pozas juegarían un rol importante en la respuesta de los peces a variaciones ambientales.
Effect of olive oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil supplementation on rumen bacterial composition in dairy cows
(2019) Cancino Padilla, Nathaly; Vargas Bello, Einar; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Effect of saline irrigation on the carotenoids biosynthesis and fruit development of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom.
(2019) Leiva Ampuero, Andrés; Vega C., Andrea; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Salinity is an environmental factor that limits plants growth and crop productivity, affecting biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as morphology in diverse plants. Decreasing in the photosynthetic capacity triggers important changes in plant development. It has been described that saline stress induce lipids, proteins and nucleic acids oxidative damage. To survive to these negative conditions, plants synthesize antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes, in order to protect plant tissues against propagation of oxidative and cytotoxics species. In this context, Lycopene and ß-carotene have been correlated with antioxidant activities in several fruits. In a plant with moderate tolerance to salinity, such as tomato, high levels of NaCl decrease fruit size, number of leaves and stomatal density, reduce crop yield and negatively affect the carotenoids concentration. Interestingly, tomato plants exposed to low salinity significantly modifies the photosynthetic capacity, enhances carotenoid fruit accumulation and could improve tomato taste by increasing sugar and organic acids content. In this work, the effect of saline irrigation on the carotenoids biosynthesis and fruit development of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom was studied. The results showed that after 8 weeks of irrigation with a 80mM to 160mM NaCl solutions negatively modified photosynthetic capacity, in terms of net photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, photochemical efficiency, electron transport rate and non photochemical quenching. Also, after 14 weeks of a 40 to 160 mM salinity treatments, tomato fruits showed an early coloration, increasing the solid soluble content in comparison with the control. However, a reduction in fruit caliber and fresh weight was observed from 80 mM NaCl onwards. Finally, salinity treatments differentially changed expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and increased accumulation of several carotenoids under 120 to 160mM. Altogether, these results suggest that long term salt irrigation correlates with earliness in tomato, a major breeding characteristic in crop plants.Salinity is an environmental factor that limits plants growth and crop productivity, affecting biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as morphology in diverse plants. Decreasing in the photosynthetic capacity triggers important changes in plant development. It has been described that saline stress induce lipids, proteins and nucleic acids oxidative damage. To survive to these negative conditions, plants synthesize antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes, in order to protect plant tissues against propagation of oxidative and cytotoxics species. In this context, Lycopene and ß-carotene have been correlated with antioxidant activities in several fruits. In a plant with moderate tolerance to salinity, such as tomato, high levels of NaCl decrease fruit size, number of leaves and stomatal density, reduce crop yield and negatively affect the carotenoids concentration. Interestingly, tomato plants exposed to low salinity significantly modifies the photosynthetic capacity, enhances carotenoid fruit accumulation and could improve tomato taste by increasing sugar and organic acids content. In this work, the effect of saline irrigation on the carotenoids biosynthesis and fruit development of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom was studied. The results showed that after 8 weeks of irrigation with a 80mM to 160mM NaCl solutions negatively modified photosynthetic capacity, in terms of net photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, photochemical efficiency, electron transport rate and non photochemical quenching. Also, after 14 weeks of a 40 to 160 mM salinity treatments, tomato fruits showed an early coloration, increasing the solid soluble content in comparison with the control. However, a reduction in fruit caliber and fresh weight was observed from 80 mM NaCl onwards. Finally, salinity treatments differentially changed expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and increased accumulation of several carotenoids under 120 to 160mM. Altogether, these results suggest that long term salt irrigation correlates with earliness in tomato, a major breeding characteristic in crop plants.Salinity is an environmental factor that limits plants growth and crop productivity, affecting biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as morphology in diverse plants. Decreasing in the photosynthetic capacity triggers important changes in plant development. It has been described that saline stress induce lipids, proteins and nucleic acids oxidative damage. To survive to these negative conditions, plants synthesize antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes, in order to protect plant tissues against propagation of oxidative and cytotoxics species. In this context, Lycopene and ß-carotene have been correlated with antioxidant activities in several fruits. In a plant with moderate tolerance to salinity, such as tomato, high levels of NaCl decrease fruit size, number of leaves and stomatal density, reduce crop yield and negatively affect the carotenoids concentration. Interestingly, tomato plants exposed to low salinity significantly modifies the photosynthetic capacity, enhances carotenoid fruit accumulation and could improve tomato taste by increasing sugar and organic acids content. In this work, the effect of saline irrigation on the carotenoids biosynthesis and fruit development of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom was studied. The results showed that after 8 weeks of irrigation with a 80mM to 160mM NaCl solutions negatively modified photosynthetic capacity, in terms of net photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, photochemical efficiency, electron transport rate and non photochemical quenching. Also, after 14 weeks of a 40 to 160 mM salinity treatments, tomato fruits showed an early coloration, increasing the solid soluble content in comparison with the control. However, a reduction in fruit caliber and fresh weight was observed from 80 mM NaCl onwards. Finally, salinity treatments differentially changed expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and increased accumulation of several carotenoids under 120 to 160mM. Altogether, these results suggest that long term salt irrigation correlates with earliness in tomato, a major breeding characteristic in crop plants.Salinity is an environmental factor that limits plants growth and crop productivity, affecting biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as morphology in diverse plants. Decreasing in the photosynthetic capacity triggers important changes in plant development. It has been described that saline stress induce lipids, proteins and nucleic acids oxidative damage. To survive to these negative conditions, plants synthesize antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes, in order to protect plant tissues against propagation of oxidative and cytotoxics species. In this context, Lycopene and ß-carotene have been correlated with antioxidant activities in several fruits. In a plant with moderate tolerance to salinity, such as tomato, high levels of NaCl decrease fruit size, number of leaves and stomatal density, reduce crop yield and negatively affect the carotenoids concentration. Interestingly, tomato plants exposed to low salinity significantly modifies the photosynthetic capacity, enhances carotenoid fruit accumulation and could improve tomato taste by increasing sugar and organic acids content. In this work, the effect of saline irrigation on the carotenoids biosynthesis and fruit development of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom was studied. The results showed that after 8 weeks of irrigation with a 80mM to 160mM NaCl solutions negatively modified photosynthetic capacity, in terms of net photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, photochemical efficiency, electron transport rate and non photochemical quenching. Also, after 14 weeks of a 40 to 160 mM salinity treatments, tomato fruits showed an early coloration, increasing the solid soluble content in comparison with the control. However, a reduction in fruit caliber and fresh weight was observed from 80 mM NaCl onwards. Finally, salinity treatments differentially changed expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and increased accumulation of several carotenoids under 120 to 160mM. Altogether, these results suggest that long term salt irrigation correlates with earliness in tomato, a major breeding characteristic in crop plants.Salinity is an environmental factor that limits plants growth and crop productivity, affecting biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as morphology in diverse plants. Decreasing in the photosynthetic capacity triggers important changes in plant development. It has been described that saline stress induce lipids, proteins and nucleic acids oxidative damage. To survive to these negative conditions, plants synthesize antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes, in order to protect plant tissues against propagation of oxidative and cytotoxics species. In this context, Lycopene and ß-carotene have been correlated with antioxidant activities in several fruits. In a plant with moderate tolerance to salinity, such as tomato, high levels of NaCl decrease fruit size, number of leaves and stomatal density, reduce crop yield and negatively affect the carotenoids concentration. Interestingly, tomato plants exposed to low salinity significantly modifies the photosynthetic capacity, enhances carotenoid fruit accumulation and could improve tomato taste by increasing sugar and organic acids content. In this work, the effect of saline irrigation on the carotenoids biosynthesis and fruit development of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro Tom was studied. The results showed that after 8 weeks of irrigation with a 80mM to 160mM NaCl solutions negatively modified photosynthetic capacity, in terms of net photosynthesis, stomatic conductivity, photochemical efficiency, electron transport rate and non photochemical quenching. Also, after 14 weeks of a 40 to 160 mM salinity treatments, tomato fruits showed an early coloration, increasing the solid soluble content in comparison with the control. However, a reduction in fruit caliber and fresh weight was observed from 80 mM NaCl onwards. Finally, salinity treatments differentially changed expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and increased accumulation of several carotenoids under 120 to 160mM. Altogether, these results suggest that long term salt irrigation correlates with earliness in tomato, a major breeding characteristic in crop plants.
Estimation of carbon dioxide, latent heat and sensible heat fluxes through surface renewal analysis in vertically trellised vineyards.
(2020) Tosoni, Damián Esteban; Meza, Francisco Javier; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Ethylene and Nitrogen crosstalk in Solanum lycopersicum defense against Botrytis cinerea infection
(2023) Huidobro Marín, Camila; Arce Johnson, Jorge Patricio; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal
Durante la respuesta de defensa a Botrytis cinerea, Solanum lycopersicum presenta una menor susceptibilidad mientras exista una mayor biodisponibilidad de nitrógeno. El mecanismo por el que esto ocurre no se encuentra dilucidado. Cabe destacar que en otras especies como Arabidopsis thaliana, se da el caso contrario. En este trabajo, se estudió una posible diafonía entre etileno y nitrógeno mediando la defensa en plantas de tomate infectadas con botrytis. Para abordar este tema, se realizaron tratamientos con etileno exógeno y un inhibidor de esta hormona en plantas crecidas en concentraciones contrastantes de nitrógeno e infectadas con botrytis. Se evaluó el tamaño de lesión durante la progresión de la enfermedad, encontrando que las lesiones presentan diámetros significativamente menores en los grupos tratados con etileno y altas concentraciones de nitrógeno disponible. Se identificaron genes de etileno, defensa y nitrógeno que responden diferencialmente a la combinación de la etileno, nitrógeno y tiempo de infección. Paralelamente, se realizó una comparación de los transcriptomas de tomate y A. thaliana, identificando diferencias sutiles en el comportamiento transcriptómico de ambas especies asociadas a la biodisponibilidad de nitrógeno. En conjunto, estos resultados indican una diafonía entre etileno y nitrógeno dependiente del tiempo de infección durante el desarrollo de la enfermedad causada por botrytis en plantas de tomate.

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