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- ItemThe socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile(BioMed Central Ltd, 2023) Espinoza, Manuel A.; Severino Suárez, Rodrigo Alfredo; Balmaceda, Carlos; Abbott, Tomás; Cabieses, Báltica© 2023, BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.Background: Life expectancy (LE) has usually been used as a metric to monitor population health. In the last few years, metrics such as Quality-Adjusted-Life-Expectancy (QALE) and Health-Adjusted-Life- Expectancy (HALE) have gained popularity in health research, given their capacity to capture health related quality of life, providing a more comprehensive approach to the health concept. We aimed to estimate the distribution of the LE, QALEs and HALEs across Socioeconomic Status in the Chilean population. Methods: Based on life tables constructed using Chiang II´s method, we estimated the LE of the population in Chile by age strata. Probabilities of dying were estimated from mortality data obtained from national registries. Then, life tables were stratified into five socioeconomic quintiles, based on age-adjusted years of education (pre-school, early years to year 1, primary level, secondary level, technical or university). Quality weights (utilities) were estimated for age strata and SES, using the National Health Survey (ENS 2017). Utilities were calculated using the EQ-5D data of the ENS 2017 and the validated value set for Chile. We applied Sullivan´s method to adjust years lived and convert them into QALEs and HALEs. Results: LE at birth for Chile was estimated in 80.4 years, which is consistent with demographic national data. QALE and HALE at birth were 69.8 and 62.4 respectively. Men are expected to live 6.1% less than women. However, this trend is reversed when looking at QALEs and HALEs, indicating the concentration of higher morbidity in women compared to men. The distribution of all these metrics across SES showed a clear gradient in favour of a better-off population-based on education quintiles. The absolute and relative gaps between the lowest and highest quintile were 15.24 years and 1.21 for LE; 18.57 HALYs and 1.38 for HALEs; and 21.92 QALYs and 1.41 for QALEs. More pronounced gradients and higher gaps were observed at younger age intervals. Conclusion: The distribution of LE, QALE and HALEs in Chile shows a clear gradient favouring better-off populations that decreases over people´s lives. Differences in LE favouring women contrast with differences in HALEs and QALEs which favour men, suggesting the need of implementing gender-focused policies to address the case-mix complexity. The magnitude of inequalities is greater than in other high-income countries and can be explained by structural social inequalities and inequalities in access to healthcare.
- ItemWording effects in assessment: missing the trees for the forest(2022) Ponce Cisternas Fernando Patricio; Torres Irribarra, David; Verges, Álvaro; Arias, Victor B.This article examines wording effects when positive and negative worded items are includedin psychological assessment. Wordings effects have been analyzed in the literature usingstatistical approaches based on population homogeneity assumptions (i.e. CFA, SEM), com-monly adopting the bifactor model to separate trait variance and wording effects. This art-icle presents an alternative approach by explicitly modeling population heterogeneitythrough a latent profile model, based on the idea that a subset of individuals exhibits word-ing effects. This kind of mixture model allows simultaneously to classify respondents, sub-stantively characterize the differences in their response profiles, and report respondents’results in a comparable manner. Using the Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale data from the LISSPanel (N¼6,762) in three studies, we identify a subgroup of participants who respond dif-ferentially according to item-wording and examine the impact of its responses in the esti-mation of the RSES measurement model, in terms of global and individual fit, under one-factor and bifactor models.The results of these analyses support the interpretation of wording effects in terms of a the-oretically-proposed differential pattern of response to positively and negatively wordeditems, introducing a valuable tool for examining the artifactual or substantive interpretationsof such wording effects.
- ItemIn-depth analysis of automated baggage inspection using simulated X-ray images of 3D models(2023) Kaminetzky, Alejandro; Mery Quiroz, Domingo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de IngenieríaLa inspección de equipajes con rayos X es esencial para la seguridad fronteriza y en medios de transporte, evitando que objetos peligrosos entren a áreas seguras. Actualmente, el aprendizaje profundo es la técnica de vanguardia para la detección y clasificación automatizada de objetos amenazantes. El entrenamiento de estas redes requiere muchos datos; sin embargo, la disponibilidad de imágenes de rayos X en bases de datos públicas es limitada. Proponemos una metodología de generación de imágenes para superar este problema. Nuestro método genera nuevos datos mediante la superposición de imágenes de rayos X simuladas de modelos 3D sobre rayos X de equipajes reales, permitiendo a los investigadores entrenar modelos sin necesidad de imágenes adicionales o etiquetado manual. En este trabajo, validamos nuestra metodología de simulación de imágenes y presentamos técnicas avanzadas, como la distorsión con modelos de difusión. Nuestros experimentos incluyen cientos de entrenamientos con YOLOv5, utilizando una combinación de imágenes reales de la base de datos SIXray e imágenes sintéticas de rayos X de llaves inglesas y pistolas. La evaluaciones de nuestros modelos entrenados se realizaron con imágenes sin alteraciones. Al entrenar con 16.000 imágenes simuladas de llaves inglesas en escala de grises, obtuvimos como resultado un AP0,5 del 72,7%, mientras que añadir 16.000 imágenes sintéticas a 50 imágenes reales de pistolas aumentó el AP0,5 desde 78,8% a 91,6%. Nuestros resultados confirman que las imágenes sintéticas se pueden utilizar para mejorar el rendimiento de los modelos de detección de objetos. Esto, sumado a la inferencia en tiempo real de YOLOv5, demuestra el potencial para apoyar a los inspectores y automatizar la inspección de equipaje. Finalmente, estas técnicas de superposición y colorización pueden emplearse en otras áreas de imágenes de rayos X.
- ItemShared Components of Worldwide Successful Sexuality Education Interventions for Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials(2023) Torres Cortés, Betzabé Carolina; Leiva, Loreto; Canenguez, Katia; Olhaberry Huber, Marcia; Méndez Hernández, Emmanuel JoshuaA crucial aspect of human development is sexuality which has implications for health, particularly in adolescence, since unfavorable sexual experiences may result in physical and mental problems. Sexuality education interventions (SEI) are one of the most used actions to promote sexual health in adolescents. Nevertheless, there is variability across their components; therefore, key elements for an effective SEI targeted at adolescents (A-SEI) are not well known. Based on this background, this study aims to identify the shared components of successful A-SEI through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT). This study followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. A search was conducted in CINAHL, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science between November and December 2021. A total of 21 studies passed the inclusion test after the review of 8318 reports. A total of 18 A-SEIs were identified in these studies. The components analyzed were the intervention’s approach, dose, type of intervention, theoretical framework, facilitators’ training, and intervention methodology. The results established that components that should be present in the design of an effective A-SEI are behavior change theoretical models, the use of participatory methodology, be targeted at mixed-sex groups, facilitators’ training, and at least ten hours of weekly intervention.
- ItemMechanical characterization of the emphysematous rat lung(2023) Villa Barros, Benjamín; Hurtado Sepúlveda, Daniel; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de IngenieríaLos modelos animales han sido utilizados ampliamente para evaluar el irreversible crecimiento de los espacios aéreos alveolares y comprender la fisiopatología del enfisema. Mientras que la respuesta mecánica pulmonar a estos cambios morfológicos ha sido documentada en la literatura, la caracterización mecánica del tejido enfisematoso ha sido poco investigada hasta la fecha. En este trabajo, estudiamos la respuesta mecánica del tejido y las características morfológicas alveolares de los pulmones a partir de un modelo animal de enfisema inducido por elastasa. Analizamos el comportamiento no lineal del tejido utilizando modelos constitutivos hiperelásticos adecuados a partir de los cuales caracterizamos los parámetros del material. Analizamos más a fondo el efecto de la dosis de elastasa en las propiedades estructurales y materiales y estudiamos su conexión con la compliance respiratoria. En particular, mostramos que si bien la compliance pulmonar en los grupos inducidos por elastasa no difiere del grupo de Control, existen diferencias significativas en el comportamiento mecánico y la morfometría del tejido. Además, nuestros resultados sugieren que durante el desarrollo temprano del enfisema, los parámetros del material tisular son más sensibles al agrandamiento alveolar que a la compliance pulmonar. Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la importancia de evaluar la mecánica tisular en los pulmones enfisematosos, ya que los parámetros materiales pueden representar un indicador prometedor para detectar el inicio de la remodelación del enfisema durante las primeras etapas de la enfermedad.