Efecto a corto plazo del establecimiento de cultivos de cobertura de invierno sobre el suelo y la vid en la zona central de Chile
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Date
2025
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Abstract
El manejo tradicional del suelo en viñedos de climas mediterráneos, basado en la labranza, el tránsito continuo de maquinaria y la aplicación de herbicidas, puede afectar negativamente al medio ambiente, la salud del suelo y la sostenibilidad de la producción a largo plazo. Una alternativa sostenible es la implementación de cultivos de cobertura (CC), que ofrecen múltiples beneficios agronómicos; sin embargo, su adopción en climas mediterráneos es limitada debido al riesgo de competencia con las vides por agua y nutrientes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar, a corto plazo (1 año), los efectos del establecimiento de cultivos de cobertura invernales (mostaza sola y una mezcla de mostaza y lupino) en un viñedo comercial del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, ubicado en Pirque (RM, Chile), estimando su impacto en la comunidad de malezas, las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y aspectos relevantes de la vid, como el vigor, el rendimiento y la calidad de la fruta. Los resultados mostraron que los CC redujeron la biomasa de malezas en un 59 % y 52 %, dependiendo del tratamiento, sin alterar las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo ni generar efectos adversos sobre las vides. Esto sugiere que los CC pueden ser una herramienta viable para el manejo de malezas en viñedos enfocados en la producción de uva de calidad para vinificación. Considerando que los beneficios de los CC en el suelo suelen manifestarse tras varias temporadas, es esencial continuar el monitoreo a largo plazo, especialmente bajo condiciones de menor precipitación, para evaluar la sostenibilidad de este manejo.
Traditional soil management in vineyards with Mediterranean climates, based on tillage, continuous machinery passage, and herbicide applications, can negatively impact the environment, soil health, and the long-term sustainability of production. A sustainable alternative is the implementation of cover crops (CC), which offer multiple agronomic benefits; however, their adoption in Mediterranean climates is limited due to the risk of competition with vines for water and nutrients. This investigation aimed to evaluate, in the short term (1 year), the effects of establishing winter cover crops (mustard alone and a mixture of mustard and lupine) in a commercial vineyard of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, located in Pirque (RM, Chile), by assessing their impact on the weed community, soil physicochemical properties, and key vine parameters such as vigor, yield, and fruit quality. The results showed that CC reduced weed biomass by 59 % and 52 %, depending on the treatment, without altering soil physicochemical properties or causing adverse effects on vines. This suggests that CC can be a viable tool for weed management in vineyards focused on the production of quality grapes for winemaking. Considering that the benefits of CC in the soil usually manifest after several seasons, it is essential to continue long-term monitoring, especially under conditions of lower rainfall, to evaluate the sustainability of this management.
Traditional soil management in vineyards with Mediterranean climates, based on tillage, continuous machinery passage, and herbicide applications, can negatively impact the environment, soil health, and the long-term sustainability of production. A sustainable alternative is the implementation of cover crops (CC), which offer multiple agronomic benefits; however, their adoption in Mediterranean climates is limited due to the risk of competition with vines for water and nutrients. This investigation aimed to evaluate, in the short term (1 year), the effects of establishing winter cover crops (mustard alone and a mixture of mustard and lupine) in a commercial vineyard of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, located in Pirque (RM, Chile), by assessing their impact on the weed community, soil physicochemical properties, and key vine parameters such as vigor, yield, and fruit quality. The results showed that CC reduced weed biomass by 59 % and 52 %, depending on the treatment, without altering soil physicochemical properties or causing adverse effects on vines. This suggests that CC can be a viable tool for weed management in vineyards focused on the production of quality grapes for winemaking. Considering that the benefits of CC in the soil usually manifest after several seasons, it is essential to continue long-term monitoring, especially under conditions of lower rainfall, to evaluate the sustainability of this management.
Description
Tesis (Magíster en Fisiología y Producción Vegetal)--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2025
Keywords
Cover crops, Weed suppression, Soil organic carbon, Soil health