Browsing by Author "Celhay, Pablo"

Now showing 1 - 17 of 17
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Attitudinal effects of data visualizations and illustrations in data stories
    (2023) Garretón, Manuela; Morini, Francesca; Celhay, Pablo; Dörk, Marian; Parra Santander, Denis
    Journalism has become more data-driven and inherently visual in recent years. Photographs, illustrations, infographics, data visualizations, and general images help convey complex topics to a wide audience. The way that visual artifacts influence how readers form an opinion beyond the text is an important issue to research, but there are few works about this topic. In this context, we research the persuasive, emotional and memorable dimensions of data visualizations and illustrations in journalistic storytelling for long-form articles. We conducted a user study and compared the effects which data visualizations and illustrations have on changing attitude towards a presented topic. While visual representations are usually studied along one dimension, in this experimental study, we explore the effects on readers' attitudes along three: persuasion, emotion, and information retention. By comparing different versions of the same article, we observe how attitudes differ based on the visual stimuli present, and how they are perceived when combined. Results indicate that the narrative using only data visualization elicits a stronger emotional impact than illustration-only visual support, as well as a significant change in the initial attitude about the topic. Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature on how visual artifacts may be used to inform and influence public opinion and debate. We present ideas for future work to generalize the results beyond the domain studied, the water crisis.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Detrás de las pantallas: exposición a internet móvil y desarrollo de los infantes chilenos
    (2023) Daniel Doren, Florencia Isabel; Rau Binder, Tomás Andrés; Celhay, Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    Este trabajo estudia el acceso temprano a internet móovil, tanto en niños preescolares como en edad escolar, durante la última década en Chile, con el propósito de evaluar su impacto en el desarrollo cognitivo y socioemocional de los niños y niñas del país. Utilizando un modelo de datos de panel con efectos fijos individuales y temporales, se explota la expansión temporal y geográfica del acceso a internet. En particular, se aprovechan las diferencias a nivel comunal en la instalación de antenas que brindan internet móvil y su relación con resultados cognitivos y no cognitivos. Las estimaciones muestran impactos significativos positivos sobre el vocabulario receptivo, pero negativos sobre el desarrollo socioemocional de los infantes evaluados en una encuesta longitudinal nacional. No se encuentran efectos heterogéneos por género del infante, orden de nacimiento, niveles educativos de la madre o presencia del padre en el hogar, pero sí las estimaciones difieren estadísticamente entre infantes que viven en zonas urbanas o rurales, ya que sólo los segundos enfrentarían los efectos del acceso a internet móvil. En cuanto a los potenciales mecanismos, los resultados sugieren que los efectos están impulsados por un mayor tiempo en pantallas (mecanismo directo) y un efecto de sustitución en el tiempo de interacción con los padres en actividades recreativas (mecanismo indirecto).
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on psychological distress in health workers: A three-arm parallel randomized controlled trial
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd., 2022) Errazuriz Concha, Antonia; Schmidt, Kristin; Undurraga Fourcade, Eduardo Andrés; Medeiros Urzua, Sebastián; Baudrand Biggs, René Felipe; Cussen Sanhueza, Diego; Henríquez Henríquez, Marcela Patricia; Celhay, Pablo; Figueroa, Rodrigo A.
    Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) has shown good efficacy for improving wellbeing in employees experiencing occupational stress. However, comparisons with other interventions, longer-term follow-up, and data from varying sociocultural contexts are lacking. This three-arm, parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT) examined the effects of MBSR on psychological distress in non-physician health workers in direct contact with patients. 105 participants were randomly allocated to either: (1) MBSR (N = 35), (2) Stress Management Course (SMC; N = 34) or (3) wait-list (N = 36). Participants and those assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. Participants completed questionnaires pre- and post-intervention and four months after the intervention. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45). Secondary outcomes included perceived stress, job satisfaction, mindfulness skills and changes in salivary cortisol. 77 participants completed measures post-intervention and 52 at 4-month follow-up. MBSR showed a post-intervention effect in reducing GHQ-12 (ss = -0.80 [SE = 1.58] p < 0.01) and OQ-45 (ss = -0.72, [SE = 5.87] p < 0.05) psychological distress, compared to SMC and in reducing GHQ-12 (ss = -1.30 [SE = 1.38] p < 0.001) and OQ-45 (ss = -0.71, [SE = 5.58] p < 0.01) psychological distress compared to wait-list condition. In our secondary outcome, only MBSR was associated with a decrease in the cortisol awaking response by 23% (p < 0.05). At follow-up, only effects of MBSR on the psychological distress 'social role' subscale (ss = -0.76 [SE = 1.31] p < 0.05) remained significant, compared to SMC. In conclusion, MBSR appears useful in reducing short-term psychological distress in healthcare workers, but these effects were not maintained at followup. Trial registration: ISRCTN12039804.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Factores relevantes en la inscripción en cuidado infantil: Investigando el papel de la proximidad geográfica en centros de educación inicial chilenos
    (2023) Rosales Ponce, Constanza Solange; Celhay, Pablo; Hojman, Andrés; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    Se examina la relación entre la proximidad geográfica a los centros de cuidado infantil y la decisión de inscripción de los padres. Utilizando datos de la Encuesta Longitudinal de Primera Infancia (ELPI) de 2010 y 2012, se aplica un modelo bivariado logit para analizar esta relación. Se encuentra que la distancia al centro de cuidado infantil más cercano afecta significativamente la probabilidad de inscripción del niño. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones importantes para el diseño de políticas públicas destinadas a fomentar el uso de centros de cuidado infantil y mejorar los resultados de desarrollo infantil. Además, mediante el uso de variables instrumentales para abordar problemas de endogeneidad, se demuestra que la asistencia al jardín infantil a los 3 años tiene un impacto significativo en el desarrollo psicomotor y socioemocional de los niños, así como en la participación laboral de las madres y el estado de salud de los niños. En resumen, la investigación destaca la importancia de la accesibilidad geográfica a los centros de cuidado infantil y sugiere que las políticas públicas deben tener en cuenta este factor para maximizar su efectividad en el fomento del desarrollo infantil y la participación laboral femenina.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    How accurate is our misinformation? A randomized comparison of four survey interview methods to measure risk behavior among young adults in the Dominican Republic
    (2017) Sigrid Vivo, Sandra I.; McCoy, Paula; López Peña, Rodrigo; Muñoz, Monica; Larrieu, I.; Celhay, Pablo
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Incentivos frente a una adopción tecnológica : ¿cómo cambia el comportamiento de los médicos?
    (2020) Barrueto Silva, Eduardo Alfonso; Figueroa González, Nicolás Andrés; Celhay, Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    This paper do a theoretical and empirical analysis on how the behaviour of licentious doctors change after an intervention from FONASA. We exploit a rich dataset provided by FONASA that allow us to determine different outcomes that we will use to conclude the behaviour of doctors. We found heterogeneous behaviour between licentios and non licentious doctors, but not only that, we also found that this heterogeneous behaviour also appears on how we define licentious, where pre-intervention and post-intervention licentious group will behave differently. The principal results are that pre intervenrtion doctors reacts by fear after the intervention, where the number of licenses decrease and adoption increase. On the other hand, licentious doctors after the intervention, increase the number of licenses after restrictions and there is a territorial expansion after trimester 16.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Location Preferences and Slums Formation: Evidence from a Panel of Residence Histories
    (ELSEVIER, 2022) Celhay, Pablo; Undurraga, Raimundo
    Slum dwellers may decide to live in slums due to location preferences, even though they have access to subsi-dized housing in the city outskirts. We examine this hypothesis by studying the evolution of location choices across slum and subsidized housing dwellers, for which we construct a panel of residential trajectories that spans between 1960 and 2008 in Santiago, Chile. While slum and subsidized housing dwellers are born in munici-palities with statistically comparable levels of wealth, labor force participation, and share located in the inner urban zone, we find that slum dwellers are more likely to end up living in municipalities located in the inner city, with lower poverty levels, and higher levels of labor force participation. Consequently, employment rates among slum dwellers are significantly higher. Still, slum dwellers show inferior housing. From a revealed preferences approach, this result suggests that slum dwellers are willing to consume lower quality housing for geographical access to better labor opportunities. We further examine this hypothesis by using a trade-off game designed to elicit stated-preferences for location (relative to housing) and find that, consistent with their revealed preferences for location, slum dwellers are significantly more likely to prioritize location quality over housing quality than their subsidized housing counterparts. Overall, our results suggest that location preferences play a non-negligible role in slums formation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Long-run effects of temporary incentives on medical care productivity
    (2019) Celhay, Pablo; Gertler, P.J.; Giovagnoli, P.; Vermeersch, C.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Long-term effects of public health insurance on the health of children in Mexico: a retrospective study
    (2019) Celhay, Pablo; Martinez, S.; Munoz, M.; Perez, M.; Perez-Cuevas, R.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Mayday, mayday!: Social Media Down
    (2022) Eyzaguirre Ercilla, Alejo; Lafortune, Jeanne; Celhay, Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    What would happen if social media platforms turned off? This article sheds light on the short-term effects of a forced exogenous shutdown of social media without prior notice. If social media is addictive, dependent individuals should first suffer mood disorders and behavior changes as withdrawal symptoms but then benefit from its forced avoidance. Using a difference-in-differences and an event studies strategy, I exploit the random timing of the Meta outages and differences in social media penetration between geographic units or cohorts to identify the causal effects. I find that in Chile, during an outage day, geographical areas with eight percentage points more social media penetration experience 16% fewer mental health-related emergency room admissions. There is no apparent effect on car accidents when comparing geographical units, but more exposed cohorts experience fewer car accidents during prolonged outages. Last, in the U.S., there is no effect on Google searches for some plausible withdrawal symptoms. Overall, I am unable to find evidence of negative impacts of shortages; if anything, these seem to be positive.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia
    (2020) Celhay, Pablo; Martínez, Sebastián; Vidal, Cecilia
    Abstract Background A large body of evidence shows that socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated to children’s early development, health and nutrition. Few studies have looked at within sample differences across multiple measures of child nutrition and development. This paper examines SES gaps in child nutritional status and development in Bolivia using a representative sample of children 0–59 months old and a rich set of outcomes, including micronutrient deficiencies, anthropometic measures, and gross motor and communicative development. Methods We construct direct and proxy measures of living standards based on household expenditures and on ownership of assets combined with access to services and dwelling characteristics. The data for this study come from a nationally representative household survey in Bolivia that contains information on health, nutrition, and child development tests. We used a regression framework to assess the adjusted associations between child development outcomes and socioeconomic status, after controlling for other demographic factors that might affect child’s development. The SES gap in child development was estimated by OLS. To explore when the development gaps between children in different socioeconomic groups start and how they change for children at different ages, we analyze the differences in outcomes between the poorest (Q1) and richest (Q5) quintiles by child’s age by estimating kernel weighted local polynomial regressions of standardized scores for all child development indicators. Results There are large and statistically significant differences in all anthropometrics z-scores between children in Q5 and children in Q1: height for age (0.95 SD), weight for age (0.70 SD), and weight for height (0.21 SD). When we divide the sample into children at the bottom and top consumption quintiles the results show that 68.6% of children in the poorest quintile are anemic. While this percentage falls to 40.9% for children in the richest quintile, it remains high compared to other countries in the region. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is 29.9% for children in the richest quintile and almost 10 percentage points higher for those at the bottom quintile (39.0%); the prevalence of Iron deficiency for children in the top and bottom quintiles is 16.4% and 23.8%, respectively. Compared to the most deprived quintile, children in the wealthiest quintile are less likely to have iron deficiency, anemia, to be stunted, and to have a risk of delays in gross motor and communicative development. At age three, most of these gaps have increased substantially. Our findings are robust to the choice of socioeconomic measurement and highlight the need for targeted policies to reduce developmental gaps. Conclusion These findings highlight the need for targeted public policies that invest in multiple dimensions of child development as early as possible, including health, nutrition and cognitive and verbal stimulation. From a policy perspective, the large socioeconomic gaps in nutrition outcomes documented here reinforce the need to strengthen efforts that tackle the multiple causes of malnutrition for the poorest.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Occupational safety, wages and labor turnover in the mining industry
    (2022) Salazar Grondona, Reinaldo Tomás Enrique; Janiak, Alexandre; Celhay, Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    The objective of this paper is to identify the channels that allow us to numerically replicate the following scenarios: the first, in which firms compensate through wages an increase in the level of risk associated with employment, better known as compensating wage differentials; the second, in which firms do not compensate for risk, and there are jobs with low risk and high wages, and jobs with high risk and low wages. For this we use a labor turnover model with search frictions based on Burdett and Mortensen (1998), which also includes a job risk variable that depends on the technology adopted by the firm. This novel extension influences both the firm's decisions, since it faces a trade-off between wage and safety technology to be adopted, and the workers' decisions, since they must not only make a wage decision but also a safety decision. Given this framework, we obtain the equilibrium distributions of wages, technology and number of employees per firm for different numerical cases, based on which we generate simulations that allow us to replicate the above scenarios.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Playing Whac-A-Mole: Effects of Intervening the Supply Side of Fraudulent Sick Leaves Market in Chile
    (2024) Oteiza Hernández, Benjamín; Celhay, Pablo; Figueroa González, Nicolás Andrés; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    This paper studies the effect of an intervention on the Chilean market of sick leaves issuance, which sanctioned doctors having a high pattern of licence issuance. Using regression discontinuity in time and difference–in–differences, I find that the sanctioned reduced their issuance, in the most conservative estimation, by 23.23%, with externalities on non–sanctioned doctors who showed a higherissuance pattern, stronger for doctors who share workplace with sanctioned ones. On the demand side, I find that the patients entirely exposed to sanctioned physicians, in the most conservative estimate, reduce their received sick leaves by 5.22%. Despite this, the described patients partially replace the sanctioned doctors with other doctors, who in turn change their behaviour to fill a market opportunity coming from the sanction.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Reflexiones sobre la reforma a la Salud
    (2019) Celhay, Pablo; López Barreda, Rodrigo; Vives Vergara, Alejandra
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Seguridad en el trabajo, salarios y rotación de la mano de obra en la industria minera
    (2022) Salazar Grondona, Reinaldo Tomás Enrique; Janiak, Alexandre; Celhay, Pablo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los canales que permiten replicar numéricamente los siguientes escenarios: el primero, en el cual las firmas compensan a través del salario un aumento en el nivel de riesgo asociado al empleo, mejor conocido como compensating wage differentials; el segundo, en el que las firmas no compensan por riesgo, y existen empleos con bajo nivel de riesgo y altos salarios, y empleos con alto nivel de riesgo y bajos salarios. Para esto se utiliza un modelo de rotación laboral con fricciones de búsqueda basado en Burdett y Mortensen (1998), el cual incluye además una variable de riesgo laboral que depende de la tecnología adoptada por la firma. Esta extensión novedosa influye tanto en las decisiones de la firma, pues enfrenta un trade off entre salario y tecnología de seguridad a adoptar, como en la de los trabajadores, pues no solo deben tomar una decisión de salario sino también de seguridad. Dado este framework, se obtienen las distribuciones de salario, tecnología y número de empleados por firma en el equilibrio para distintos casos numéricos, en base a las cuales se generan simulaciones que permiten replicar los escenarios antes planteados.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    What you see is what you get : a partial identification approach to school choice
    (2021) Selman, Dominga; Celhay, Pablo; Figueroa González, Nicolás Andrés; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía
    Using a robust method of discrete choice analysis proposed by Barseghyan (2021), I estimate parents’ preferences in the context of school choice. To account for information costs, I develop a model where parents only know about a subset of all available schools. Choice sets are unobservable and can have different sizes. I partially identify my model using Pre-K applications from Chile’s new centralized school admissions system. My results suggest that current assumptions on the observability of agents’ choice sets are too strong. However, the estimation method I use lacks computational tractability, so the challenge of finding an alternative approach to estimate parents’ preferences in contexts of incomplete information remains.